"The technology of acquiring data and information about an object or phenomena by a device that is not in physical contact with it. In other words, remote sensing refers to gathering information about the Earth and its environment from a distance, a critical capability of the Earth observing System. For example, spacecraft in low-Earth orbit pass through the outer thermosphere, enabling direct sampling of chemical species there. These samples have been used extensively to develop an understanding of thermospheric properties. Explorer-17, launched in 1963, was the first satellite to return quantitative measurements of gaseous stratification in the thermosphere. However, the mesosphere and lower layers cannot be probed directly in this way--global observations from space require remote sensing from a spacecraft at an altitude well above the mesopause. The formidable technological challenges of atmospheric remote sensing, many of which are now being overcome, have delayed detailed study of the stratosphere and mesosphere by comparison with thermospheric research advances. Some remote-sensing systems encountered in everyday life include the human eye and brain, and photographic and video cameras." (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2017)
Water scarcity and quality decline is a rapidly increasing challenges and becoming a top concern globally. To wisely manage water and achieve sustainable development, rapid and precise monitoring of water resources is crucial. Earth observation (EO) technologies play a key role in monitoring surface and underground water resources by providing rapid, continuous, high-quality, and low-cost EO data, products, and services.
Currently, there are promising efforts in the use of EO technologies for water resource management but there are still huge gaps in the Africa region. The reason for the low utilization of EO technologies can be due to a lack of resources and funding including skilled and motivated human resources in the field and the lack of political commitment to foster EO products, data, and services. Therefore, the use of space technologies and their products to solve water-related problems needs collaborative efforts of all concerned stakeholders from global to local levels.
Could you describe your professional career and/or personal experiences related to space technology and water? Where does your interest in those sectors come from?
I started my research career in 2013, with research interests revolving around various environmental concerns that were deeply rooted in water related issues of Pakistan. Having an educational background in Space Science, it was quite intuitive to possess understanding of the very high potential of applicability of Geospatial technologies in the water sector.
How do you personally and professionally relate to water?
Growing up in Israel, water scarcity was a constant backdrop to my childhood. The arid climate and frequent droughts shaped my relationship with water from an early age. One vivid memory that remains stamped in my mind is the series of TV campaigns highlighting the importance of water conservation. I recall sitting in front of the television, concerned by the urgency conveyed in those campaigns. The images of dry landscapes and the emphasis on every drop of water as precious left a lasting impression.
Prof. Hesham El-Askary works at Chapman University in the Earth Systems Science Data Solutions (ESsDs) lab. Here, he supervises students on the use of satellite earth observations for topics including agriculture, water resources, air quality and climate action, and makes use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). Prof. El-Askary is researching natural and anthropogenic pollution’s influence on the environment and is particularly interested in the concept of “glocal” impact—how what’s happening globally in terms of climate affects us locally. He believes that one of the biggest challenges in implementing sustainable water management is the lack of data to monitor progress, and advocates for space technologies to mitigates this shortage.
Dr. Nivin Hasan discusses her pioneering work in space technology and water resource management, emphasising the role of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in addressing climate challenges in Jordan and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. She highlights her research on drought assessment in the Amman-Zarqa Basin using satellite data and machine learning, underscoring the need for innovative solutions in arid zones. As a Technical Advisor at Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC), she oversees projects integrating geospatial analysis for sustainable groundwater management and disaster resilience.
Her proudest achievements include leading Jordan’s first CANSAT project and receiving global recognition for empowering women in STEM. She identifies water scarcity, climate variability, and data gaps as critical challenges in arid regions and advocates for space-based monitoring systems to enhance mitigation strategies.
Dr. Hasan encourages young women to pursue space science, stressing mentorship and perseverance. She calls for interdisciplinary collaboration and funding to drive innovation in environmental monitoring. When asked about her favourite aggregate state of water, she humorously notes its irrelevance to her research but acknowledges the symbolic importance of liquid water for life in arid landscapes.
Coral reefs provide integral services to social, economic, and ecological systems. They support more than 500 million livelihoods worldwide and account for 15% of gross domestic product in more than 20 countries. A quarter of all marine species on planet Earth, representing 28 of the 35 animal phyla, can be found in coral reefs, and novel compounds derived from these organisms provide numerous useful medicinal applications.
Merci à Mussa Kachunga Stanis d'avoir traduit cet article volontairement.
La résilience d'un socio-écosystème est généralement testée par sa capacité à persister et à maintenir sa fonctionnalité tout en subissant des changements dus à des perturbations. Mais que se passe-t-il lorsque les perturbations sont trop rapides, trop préjudiciables et trop fortes pour qu'un socio-écosystème puisse maintenir sa fonctionnalité ?
El 2 de febrero de 2020 celebramos el Día Mundial de los Humedales para concienciar al mundo sobre el papel vital de los humedales para las personas y nuestro planeta. La edición de este año destaca la conexión entre el agua, los humedales y la vida.
Digital twin technology is increasingly being used to simulate the effects of sea level rise, providing valuable tools for decision-makers in areas such as urban planning, coastal management, and disaster preparedness. These virtual models integrate real-time data from various sources, including geospatial imagery, AI, and environmental monitoring systems, to create detailed simulations of how rising sea levels could impact specific regions.
Since ancient times, people have established communities in river deltas because it provides water, fertile land, and transportation access, making them an ideal place to live. This pattern has been carried forward to the present. With nearly 6 billion people living in river deltas, they are one of the most densely populated places on Earth (Kuenzer and Renaud, 2011). However, they are facing threats such as climate change, sea level rise, land use changes, and ecosystem degradation.
Snow has a crucial contribution to Earth’s climate and helps to maintain the Earth’s temperature. When snow melts, it aids in providing water to people for their livelihood and affects the survival of animals and plants (National Snow and Ice Data Center). Approximately 1.2 billion people - constituting one-sixth of the global population - depend on snowmelt water for both agricultural activities and human consumption (Barnett et al., 2005).
In 2019, floods caused 43.5% of all deaths due to natural disasters and thereby represent the deadliest type of disaster with an increasing number of events compared to previous years (CRED, 2019). Floods furthermore lead to the highest number of people affected compared to other disasters as they affect human activities and the economy (CRED, 2019; Elagib et al. 2019).
Short summary:
Digital twin (DT) technology for water systems is currently blooming. How are DT applied in water systems and why did they become so popular? In this article, the framework of DT and crucial technologies to build them such as space-based satellites, modern communication technologies, artificial intelligence, etc. are revealed to present how DT functionality is implemented. Application scenarios of DT from global to regional are shown with typical examples for modeling the global water cycle, regional floods, and urban water supply systems. Though DT offers a valuable solution in the context of water systems, attention needs to be given to accuracy, interoperability and data security of DT. DT can be smart systems, helping in comprehensive analysis to support decision making.
Forest cover refers to the extent of land area covered by forests. It can be expressed either as a percentage relative to the total land area or in absolute terms measured in square kilometers or square miles (ScienceDirect). As of 2020, globally, forests account for 31 percent of the land area with roughly half of this area considered relatively intact. The total forest coverage is 4.06 billion hectares.
Recently, in July 2021, destructive and deadly floods occurred in Western Europe. The estimated insured losses only in Germany could approach 5 billion Euros (AIR Worldwide, 2021). However, the total amount of the damage is currently not foreseeable due to the variety and complexity of the damage patterns and the unbelievable extent of the disaster. It seems the socio-economic losses will dramatically increase and break a new record in the insurance industry after evaluating the complete record of damages’ reports (see Figure 1).
It was not long ago, in 1916, that the explorer Padre De Agostini surveyed part of the topography of the Escondidos glaciers (“hidden glaciers”, in English) in Patagonia (De Agostini, 1949). Today, space technology such as NASA’s ICESat Missions and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, allow to monitor changes in glaciers over time.
Flooding poses significant environmental, social and economic challenges globally. With ever-increasing, weather extremes induced by climate change, flooding becomes frequent and severe, particularly in coastal regions like Matuga state in Kenya. Therefore, this study assesses flood risk and its spatial distribution focusing on the interplay between land use land cover, elevation, slope, soil type and rainfall. Using remote sensing data and GIS techniques, a flood risk map for Matuga was generated to identify vulnerable zones. The result signifies that poorly vegetated areas combined with steep topography and high rainfall intensity are key contributors to flooding. Conversely, areas dominated by Ferralic Arenosols and Dystric Arenosols coupled with low slope and extensive shrub cover exhibit lower flood risks. The findings of this study provide critical insights for policymakers, urban planners and environmental managers in designing sustainable flood mitigation strategies. This study underscores the importance of integrating sustainable land management and land use planning in flood risk management for climate-resilient development in Matuga, Kenya.
Water scarcity is one of the greatest threats faced by humanity of our time – in 2019, more than two billion people experience high water stress (UN-Water 2019) and approximately four billion people suffer from severe water scarcity for at least one month per year (Mekonnen and Hoekstra 2016). This worsening problem increases the risk of international conflict over water resources breaking out, given that there are over 270 transboundary river basins, and three-quarters of UN Member States share at least one river or lake basin with a neighbour (UN News 2017).
Groundwater accounts for 30% of Earth’s freshwater resources (Shiklomanov 1993) (Figure 1) and is estimated to globally provide 36% of potable water, 42% of irrigation water, and 24% of industrial water – indicating its significant value (Global Environment Facility 2021). Groundwater affords a host of benefits, from providing better protection against drought and microbiological contamination than surface waters, to being generally low cost and accessible to many users.
Embarking on a new kind of adventure, scientists are using small satellites called CubeSats to explore the mysteries of water on Earth. They can help us learn more about oceans, lakes, and rivers. Water sustains all forms of life but, for something so integral to our existence, we know little about its intricate dynamics. This is where the collaboration between space technology and water research comes into play.
The term environmental flow (eflow) has recently become increasingly popular as concerns about the destruction of freshwater ecosystems and the impacts of development activities (i.e., urban development and energy production) on river have intensified. Eflow is defined as "the quantity, timing, and quality of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems, and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems" (Brisbane Declaration 2007). Alternatively, eflow is described as the foundation of water security for achieving sustainable development. Managing eflow is relevant to meet the most targets of SDG 6, but especially SDG 6.4 on water use efficiency (6.4.2 level of water stress) and SDG target 6.6 on the protection of water-dependent ecosystems.
No hace mucho, en 1916, el explorador Padre De Agostini inspeccionó parte de la topografía de los glaciares Escondidos de la Patagonia (De Agostini, 1949). Hoy en día, la tecnología espacial, como las misiones ICESat de la NASA y los datos de la Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), permiten seguir los cambios de los glaciares a lo largo del tiempo.
Urban waterlogging is an increasingly critical challenge particularly in cities where unplanned development, climate change, and inadequate drainage systems exacerbate the issue. Remote sensing provides a viable solution for detecting and managing urban waterlogging by providing real time and large-scale monitoring capabilities. Using satellite datasets such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), multispectral imaging, and thermal sensors urban planners can assess and monitor waterlogging. These datasets coupled with advanced algorithms like machine learning models allow for accurate predictions of waterlogged areas in the cities. Besides, the integration of these remote sensing tools with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhances the ability to manage water resources and develop sustainable urban infrastructures. Despite challenges such as data resolution and high costs of advanced imagery, remote sensing remains a key tool in addressing the socio-economic and environmental impacts of urban waterlogging, particularly in the face of climate change and urbanization.
Les eaux souterraines représentent 30 % des ressources en eau douce de la planète (Shiklomanov 1993) (figure 1) et fournissent au niveau mondial 36 % de l'eau potable, 42 % de l'eau d'irrigation et 24 % de l'eau industrielle, témoignant de leur valeur considérable (Global Environment Facility 2021).
Have you ever heard the phrase "All the rivers run into the sea"? In most cases, this statement holds, with one exception: rivers that end up in lakes. If you imagine mountain ranges as the walls of a bathtub, the ocean is like the bottom of the bathtub, collecting all the water from the bathtub. No matter where you live, you inhabit a land area where all the water, above and below ground, converges into a common body of water (Figure 1). We call this area a watershed. Watersheds vary in size.
What does your morning routine look like? For most readers I’d assume you use the toilet, wash your hands, and maybe take a shower. However, do you ever stop to consider the water you use to shower, or the soap you use to wash your hands? Often, especially in developed countries, these things are taken for granted, rightly considering access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as basic Human Rights (Figure 1).
Transitioning from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
The world of WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) has come a long way in 30 years. Between 1990 and 2015, 2.6 billion people gained access to improved drinking water, whilst 2.1 billion gained access to improved sanitation (Unicef and World Health Organisation 2015). That’s a lot of people. But is it enough?
C’est encore récemment, en 1916, que l’explorateur Padre De Agostini révéla une partie de la topographie des glaciers Escondidos (« glaciers caches » en francais). En Patagonie (De Agostini, 1949).
The exacerbation of climate change-induced droughts, among other weather extremes, is escalating into a critical global challenge particularly in arid regions like the Southwestern U.S. where droughts pose grievous environmental and socio-economic threats. Increasingly frequent, intense, and enduring droughts are commonplace generally in Western U.S. inflicting damages on crops and aggravating record-breaking wildfires year after year. Drought is the second-most expensive natural disaster in the U.S. behind hurricanes, costing an average of $9.6 billion in damages per event.
Therefore, continuous innovation and deployment of cost-effective and time-efficient water resources monitoring tools could help mitigate severe environmental and socio-economic impacts of droughts which currently impact livestock and wildlife management in Southwest U.S. A recent innovation as a potential climate change adaptation solution is the Surface Water Identification and Forecasting Tool (SWIFT). The Google Earth Engine-based tool is a remote sensing-based technology that leverages optical imagery derived from Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI), and radar imagery from Sentinel-1 C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (C-SAR) to monitor near real-time the availability of water in stock ponds and tanks. As drought conditions are expected to worsen with rising global temperatures, SWIFT is designed to provide a valuable and affordable stock water monitoring solution for cattle producers and land managers, etc.
The provision of water resources is one of the most fundamental ecosystem services . An acute scarcity of water data in both, the spatial and temporal domains in many regions prompts the urgency to assess risks related to water such as water quality decline, floods and droughts. Remote sensing does provide us with relevant data for water resources monitoring, but this data still needs to be validated with in-situ observations and measurements.
Harmful Algal Blooms occur when toxin-producing algae experience excessive growth within bodies of water. These blooms have the potential to cause detrimental effects on both aquatic and human health and can sometimes even cause death, depending on the type of algae involved (NIEHS, 2021). Thanks to the use of space-based remote sensing technology to monitor water quality conditions in coastal areas and drinking water reservoirs, nations are becoming more aware of the quality of their water.
Africa is endowed with abundant freshwater resources. It has sufficient rainfall and relatively low levels of water withdrawals for three major uses: domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Changes in Africa’s water resources has been noticed transpiring in changes in water flow and variability, falling groundwater levels, changes in rainfall levels and timing, strongly influenced under climate change. The continent has a huge potential for energy production through hydropower.
Water hyacinth is a well-known plant that has invaded many aquatic ecosystems around the globe. The fast growing nature of the weed makes it challenging to contain. The weeds’ presence in aquatic bodies results in decreased oxygen and nutrient levels, which threatens aquatic life as well as the productivity and functionality of the whole aquatic ecosystem. This not only causes ecological disturbances but evidently socio-economic challenges arise as well as the weed can be detrimental to health as well as economic activities in many riparian communities worldwide. The use of space-based technology together with modern technologies is of great significance in capturing the weed and identifying its spatial and temporal distribution even in hard to reach places. This helps scientists better understand the weed and how infestation occurs which enables better management and control of the weed.
On 2 February 2020, we celebrate World Wetlands Day to raise global awareness about the vital role of wetlands for people and our planet. This year’s edition highlights the connection between water, wetlands, and life.
Mosquitos are often cited as one of the deadliest animals in the world, causing up to one million deaths per year (WHO, 2020; CDC, 2021). They can carry and transmit a variety of diseases, including malaria, West Nile virus, dengue fever, and Zika virus; transmitting illness across the globe (Figure 1). To help decrease the burden of disease resulting from mosquitos, researchers are utilising satellite data and remote sensing models to better predict where mosquito breeding grounds may occur in the future.
À quoi ressemble votre routine matinale ? Pour la plupart des lecteurs, je suppose que vous utilisez les toilettes, vous vous lavez les mains et peut-être que vous prenez une douche. Cependant, vous arrive-t-il de vous arrêter pour réfléchir à l'eau que vous utilisez sous la douche ou au savon que vous utilisez pour vous laver les mains ?
Transition des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement (OMD) aux Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD)
Le monde de l'eau, de l'assainissement et de l'hygiène (WASH) a parcouru un long chemin en 30 ans. Entre 1990 et 2015, 2,6 milliards de personnes ont pu observer une amélioration de l’accès à l'eau potable, et 2,1 milliards ont eu une amélioration des services d’assainissement (Unicef et Organisation mondiale de la santé 2015). Cela fait beaucoup de monde. Mais est-ce suffisant ?
Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) confronts significant challenges in the maritime domain, leveraging satellite technologies that play a role in enabling extensive and consistent area mapping. In this case, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) stands out for its all-weather capability, serving as a crucial tool for applications ranging from environmental monitoring to defense systems (Ulaby and Long, 2014).
Continuous and reliable global precipitation information is crucial for myriad of weather, climate and hydrological applications. The importance of precipitation in the form of rain, hail, sleet, snow etc. is known to science and clear to a layman. However, it’s quite tricky to measure past precipitation trends or predicting accurate future forecasts. There are three main categories of precipitation data sets available: ground based, satellite-based and blended products of ground and space data (Climate Data Guide, 2014).
Dr. Nivin Hasan discusses her pioneering work in space technology and water resource management, emphasising the role of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) in addressing climate challenges in Jordan and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. She highlights her research on drought assessment in the Amman-Zarqa Basin using satellite data and machine learning, underscoring the need for innovative solutions in arid zones. As a Technical Advisor at Royal Jordanian Geographic Centre (RJGC), she oversees projects integrating geospatial analysis for sustainable groundwater management and disaster resilience.
Her proudest achievements include leading Jordan’s first CANSAT project and receiving global recognition for empowering women in STEM. She identifies water scarcity, climate variability, and data gaps as critical challenges in arid regions and advocates for space-based monitoring systems to enhance mitigation strategies.
Dr. Hasan encourages young women to pursue space science, stressing mentorship and perseverance. She calls for interdisciplinary collaboration and funding to drive innovation in environmental monitoring. When asked about her favourite aggregate state of water, she humorously notes its irrelevance to her research but acknowledges the symbolic importance of liquid water for life in arid landscapes.
I am currently a PhD candidate at the University of Stirling in Scotland, funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council through the IAPETUS DTP. My research focuses on using SAR Polarimetry to map and monitor floods in Scotland and Guyana. Additionally, I use ground radar to understand signal interactions under simulated flooding conditions, aiming to improve flood detection. My goal is to enhance the management and protection of floodplains and wetlands through advanced radar satellite technology and field-tested methodologies.
Before my PhD, I worked as an assistant hydrologist at the SERVIR Eastern and Southern Africa project at the Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development in Nairobi, Kenya, from 2019 to 2022. In this position, I led the development of an operational hydrological model that improved access to hydrological data for ungauged rivers in East Africa. I was also the lead hydrologist in the implementation of a flood early warning system in Malawi, integrating ground measurements and satellite-derived water level data to issue flood forecasts.
Victor Hertel is a doctoral researcher specializing in the field of environmental risks and human security. He currently works at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the development of (physics-informed) deep learning methods in the context of emergency response and disaster preparedness. With an academic background in aerospace engineering, he previously worked with organizations like Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs’ UN-SPIDER program, using geospatial analyses to address environmental and social challenges. His primary area of interest is data-informed decision-making and policy, with a focus on practical and implementation-oriented solutions for humanitarian emergencies caused by climate shocks and conflict.
This interview provides an in-depth look at my expertise and experience in water resource management, environmental conservation, and the integration of AI and remote sensing technologies in Burkina Faso. My passion for water management stems from my desire to protect precious resources and my belief in the essential importance of providing water to communities, a principle reinforced when I joined the Ministry of Agriculture in 2021.
As a Water and Environment Specialist at the General Office of Agro-Pastoral Development and Irrigation, I am responsible for irrigation systems, lowland rice-growing areas, and the protection of water infrastructure, while integrating innovation and remote sensing technologies to improve performance. My work also focuses on community conservation, including the removal of invasive aquatic plants from reservoirs and the treatment of gullies to combat soil erosion.
I have experience in remote sensing and AI-based applications such as ML and DL for monitoring flood risks, erosion, and irrigation systems. I use machine learning algorithms such as CNN, Random Forest, U-Net, and SVM to analyze satellite images, predict the spread of invasive plants, and optimize water use.
My research on integrating traditional knowledge into water management highlights the SoaSoagha concept, a collective work approach in Burkina Faso that promotes community conservation. Traditional rainwater harvesting, floodplain management, and small earthen dams (soussous) align with modern hydrological models, while sacred forests and customary water rights have been revealing, demonstrating indigenous methods of ecosystem protection.
My project on AI-powered aquatic invasive plant management integrates machine learning (Satellite image analysis to classify areas with a high probability of aquatic plant presence), deep learning (Precise segmentation of invasive plants, such as water hyacinth and others, in these identified areas), and community engagement to extract, classify, and convert plants into compost, biogas, and biochar. My work highlights the importance of combining technological innovation and traditional knowledge to strengthen climate resilience, ensure water security, and promote sustainable development in Burkina Faso and beyond.
Sarhan Zerouali became fascinated with water at a young age through learning about water scarcity around the world and about traditional methods for locating groundwater. In a space applications course Sahran then learnt about space-based technologies. He is currently working on a research project on how remote sensing and other technologies can help alleviate global challenges arising from land degradation. As an aerospace engineer, Sahran has worked with various modern technologies in his work including nanosatellites, artificial intelligence, and feature extraction algorithms.
Joshua is a Master’s student in Tropical Hydrogeology and Environmental Engineering at Technische Universität of Darmstadt. His interest is focused on hydrogeological processes, groundwater modelling, application of remote sensing and GIS in environmental studies, water management and climate change. He also works as a graduate Intern at AgriWatch BV, a company that applies geospatial solutions for precision Agriculture. As a graduate intern, he applies his interdisciplinary knowledge in developing smart-farming solutions using space-based technologies to farmers in the Twente region of the Netherlands. He deploys satellite imagery, field studies and machine learning algorithms to predict the effect of climate change on arable crops. He also utilizes precipitation data to predict rainfall events to aid farmers in determining planting and harvesting periods.
Joshua earned a bachelor’s degree in Geological Sciences, his bachelor’s thesis research aimed at carrying out paleoenvironmental reconstruction using paleocurrent indicators of water flow and direction, and application of ArcGIS to produce maps. Currently, he is working on his master’s thesis with emphasis on the impact of the ancient climate on the paleoenvironment particularly on vegetation, where he tries to research plants response to long-term greenhouse periods and short-term warming events on various timescales throughout Earth's history.
His research interests revolve around the application of space technologies in providing solutions and tackling climate change.
Water scarcity and quality decline is a rapidly increasing challenges and becoming a top concern globally. To wisely manage water and achieve sustainable development, rapid and precise monitoring of water resources is crucial. Earth observation (EO) technologies play a key role in monitoring surface and underground water resources by providing rapid, continuous, high-quality, and low-cost EO data, products, and services.
Currently, there are promising efforts in the use of EO technologies for water resource management but there are still huge gaps in the Africa region. The reason for the low utilization of EO technologies can be due to a lack of resources and funding including skilled and motivated human resources in the field and the lack of political commitment to foster EO products, data, and services. Therefore, the use of space technologies and their products to solve water-related problems needs collaborative efforts of all concerned stakeholders from global to local levels.
Padmi is currently reading for her Ph.D. focusing on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for climate change risk reduction and resilience cities. She believes NbS can reduce hydro-meteorological hazards such as floods, droughts, and landslides in the long run. It is a strategy to minimize the gaps in decarbonizing and reducing greenhouse gases and a path to Net-zero cities. NbS, are actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, benefiting people and nature (IUCN & World Bank, 2022). Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR), ecosystem-based mitigation (EbM), and green infrastructure are some branches under the umbrella of NbS. NbS include conserving forests, mangroves, and wetland ecosystems, halting deforestation, increasing reforestation, climate-smart agriculture, and opening green spaces. According to her, space technology is integral to planning, monitoring, and analysis. Space technology today is so advanced that it can capture and predict changes in the water cycle, climate change variables and so forth. Remote sensing data and satellite-derived information are essential in obtaining accurate data on a specific site anywhere on the Earth's surface. Most recently, she has been involved in projects utilizing urban NbS such as the conservation of Ramsar-Colombo to mitigate urban floods and adapt to climate change. To conduct wetland inventories, space-based data and GIS techniques can be utilized to detect the presence of wetlands and/or water in wetlands. Though there can be some challenges encountered such as limited coverage of specific areas within the wetland, clouds often hiding images, and the low resolution of data making it difficult to differentiate floral species. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) can provide enhanced accuracy and consistency in measuring wetlands, as well as the presence of water in wetlands, using space technologies. Data and technologies from space contribute to watershed management, sediment measurements and many other environmental aspects.
Describe experience relating to water and space technologies
I grew up in a country (France) where water is freely available. The drought in 2003 was considered a one-time event. I had no single lesson on climate change at school. Despite this background, I was raised aware of the links between social and environmental inequality on a global scale.
Could you describe your professional career and/or personal experiences related to space technology and water? Where does your interest in those sectors come from?
I started my research career in 2013, with research interests revolving around various environmental concerns that were deeply rooted in water related issues of Pakistan. Having an educational background in Space Science, it was quite intuitive to possess understanding of the very high potential of applicability of Geospatial technologies in the water sector.
Lukas Graf used to take clean drinking water for granted. As he grew up, and conversations around climate change and environmental destruction became increasingly intense, he started to become more aware of the importance and scarcity of water resources. Around a similar time, he became increasingly enthusiastic about space, realising that space technologies could be used to explore many of the pressing topics that he was interested in. He has participated in research projects that used remote sensing methods to study the effects of global change on ecosystems and especially on water availability. Lukas is interested in a range of topics from virtual water and water quality to irrigation and agriculture. He believes that interdisciplinary approaches and mutual dialog with societies and stakeholders need to be deepened for sustained resource management.
How do you personally and professionally relate to water?
Growing up in Israel, water scarcity was a constant backdrop to my childhood. The arid climate and frequent droughts shaped my relationship with water from an early age. One vivid memory that remains stamped in my mind is the series of TV campaigns highlighting the importance of water conservation. I recall sitting in front of the television, concerned by the urgency conveyed in those campaigns. The images of dry landscapes and the emphasis on every drop of water as precious left a lasting impression.
Could you describe how your professional and/or personal experience relate to water? Where does your interest in water resources management come from? What influenced your decision to focus your work on the use of space technology for water management?
My upbringing on a farm set out the foundation for my interest in water resources, as I used to collect water for domestic and agricultural purposes from the streams.
Prof. Hesham El-Askary works at Chapman University in the Earth Systems Science Data Solutions (ESsDs) lab. Here, he supervises students on the use of satellite earth observations for topics including agriculture, water resources, air quality and climate action, and makes use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). Prof. El-Askary is researching natural and anthropogenic pollution’s influence on the environment and is particularly interested in the concept of “glocal” impact—how what’s happening globally in terms of climate affects us locally. He believes that one of the biggest challenges in implementing sustainable water management is the lack of data to monitor progress, and advocates for space technologies to mitigates this shortage.
Mina Konaka works at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) as a satellite engineer and is currently working on the satellite ALOS-4, which can detect changes in groundwater on land. She attended the International Space University, participating in the project AWARE (Adapting to Water and Air Realities on Earth), in which participants aimed to provide solutions for flood and air quality risks due to climate change, using earth observation data and ground-based sensors. Mina feels strongly about the need to talk more globally about water management solutions, rather than on an individual country basis. Mina also hopes that in the future there will be more female engineers who pursue dreams of space, and that gender balance is no longer an issue.
How do you professionally relate to water and/or space technologies?
As a hydrologist, I’ve always been fascinated by the potential of space technologies in transforming water resource management. My work integrates satellite-based Earth Observation (EO) data with hydrological modelling, particularly for drought and flood monitoring, and water availability assessments in regions with scarce ground data. EO technologies allow me to capture real-time, high-resolution data, critical for climate resilience, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Dr. Aziza Baubekova's research tackles critical environmental and water-related challenges in water-scarce regions using innovative approaches like remote sensing and machine learning. Her work not only advances scientific knowledge but also offers practical and policy solutions for developing countries. By applying quantifiable methods, her research provides actionable tools for integrated water resources and ecosystem management, addressing issues related to hydrologic conditions and human impact.
Despite earning all her degrees in Europe, Dr. Baubekova maintains a deep connection to Central Asia, focusing her research on the region's unique environmental challenges. As a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering Research Unit at the University of Oulu, she contributes significantly to projects like TU-NEXUS, which aims to develop decision-making tools for transboundary river management in Central Asia. Her PhD, completed with distinction in 2023, covers topics such as hydrologic changes, climate change impacts, and coastal ecosystem threats.
Beyond her academic work, Dr. Baubekova actively fosters partnerships between Finland and Central Asian institutions, supporting knowledge transfer and technology exchange. As Vice Chair of Young Water Professionals Finland, she promotes professional development, knowledge sharing, and networking opportunities for young water experts.
Applications are invited from African nationals for scholarships in the fields of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Planetary Geology and Remote Sensing.
The 3rd PAPSSN Call offers the following scholarships:
Victor Hertel is a doctoral researcher specializing in the field of environmental risks and human security. He currently works at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the development of (physics-informed) deep learning methods in the context of emergency response and disaster preparedness. With an academic background in aerospace engineering, he previously worked with organizations like Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs’ UN-SPIDER program, using geospatial analyses to address environmental and social challenges. His primary area of interest is data-informed decision-making and policy, with a focus on practical and implementation-oriented solutions for humanitarian emergencies caused by climate shocks and conflict.
This interview provides an in-depth look at my expertise and experience in water resource management, environmental conservation, and the integration of AI and remote sensing technologies in Burkina Faso. My passion for water management stems from my desire to protect precious resources and my belief in the essential importance of providing water to communities, a principle reinforced when I joined the Ministry of Agriculture in 2021.
As a Water and Environment Specialist at the General Office of Agro-Pastoral Development and Irrigation, I am responsible for irrigation systems, lowland rice-growing areas, and the protection of water infrastructure, while integrating innovation and remote sensing technologies to improve performance. My work also focuses on community conservation, including the removal of invasive aquatic plants from reservoirs and the treatment of gullies to combat soil erosion.
I have experience in remote sensing and AI-based applications such as ML and DL for monitoring flood risks, erosion, and irrigation systems. I use machine learning algorithms such as CNN, Random Forest, U-Net, and SVM to analyze satellite images, predict the spread of invasive plants, and optimize water use.
My research on integrating traditional knowledge into water management highlights the SoaSoagha concept, a collective work approach in Burkina Faso that promotes community conservation. Traditional rainwater harvesting, floodplain management, and small earthen dams (soussous) align with modern hydrological models, while sacred forests and customary water rights have been revealing, demonstrating indigenous methods of ecosystem protection.
My project on AI-powered aquatic invasive plant management integrates machine learning (Satellite image analysis to classify areas with a high probability of aquatic plant presence), deep learning (Precise segmentation of invasive plants, such as water hyacinth and others, in these identified areas), and community engagement to extract, classify, and convert plants into compost, biogas, and biochar. My work highlights the importance of combining technological innovation and traditional knowledge to strengthen climate resilience, ensure water security, and promote sustainable development in Burkina Faso and beyond.
Sarhan Zerouali became fascinated with water at a young age through learning about water scarcity around the world and about traditional methods for locating groundwater. In a space applications course Sahran then learnt about space-based technologies. He is currently working on a research project on how remote sensing and other technologies can help alleviate global challenges arising from land degradation. As an aerospace engineer, Sahran has worked with various modern technologies in his work including nanosatellites, artificial intelligence, and feature extraction algorithms.
Joshua is a Master’s student in Tropical Hydrogeology and Environmental Engineering at Technische Universität of Darmstadt. His interest is focused on hydrogeological processes, groundwater modelling, application of remote sensing and GIS in environmental studies, water management and climate change. He also works as a graduate Intern at AgriWatch BV, a company that applies geospatial solutions for precision Agriculture. As a graduate intern, he applies his interdisciplinary knowledge in developing smart-farming solutions using space-based technologies to farmers in the Twente region of the Netherlands. He deploys satellite imagery, field studies and machine learning algorithms to predict the effect of climate change on arable crops. He also utilizes precipitation data to predict rainfall events to aid farmers in determining planting and harvesting periods.
Joshua earned a bachelor’s degree in Geological Sciences, his bachelor’s thesis research aimed at carrying out paleoenvironmental reconstruction using paleocurrent indicators of water flow and direction, and application of ArcGIS to produce maps. Currently, he is working on his master’s thesis with emphasis on the impact of the ancient climate on the paleoenvironment particularly on vegetation, where he tries to research plants response to long-term greenhouse periods and short-term warming events on various timescales throughout Earth's history.
His research interests revolve around the application of space technologies in providing solutions and tackling climate change.
Padmi is currently reading for her Ph.D. focusing on Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for climate change risk reduction and resilience cities. She believes NbS can reduce hydro-meteorological hazards such as floods, droughts, and landslides in the long run. It is a strategy to minimize the gaps in decarbonizing and reducing greenhouse gases and a path to Net-zero cities. NbS, are actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, benefiting people and nature (IUCN & World Bank, 2022). Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA), ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR), ecosystem-based mitigation (EbM), and green infrastructure are some branches under the umbrella of NbS. NbS include conserving forests, mangroves, and wetland ecosystems, halting deforestation, increasing reforestation, climate-smart agriculture, and opening green spaces. According to her, space technology is integral to planning, monitoring, and analysis. Space technology today is so advanced that it can capture and predict changes in the water cycle, climate change variables and so forth. Remote sensing data and satellite-derived information are essential in obtaining accurate data on a specific site anywhere on the Earth's surface. Most recently, she has been involved in projects utilizing urban NbS such as the conservation of Ramsar-Colombo to mitigate urban floods and adapt to climate change. To conduct wetland inventories, space-based data and GIS techniques can be utilized to detect the presence of wetlands and/or water in wetlands. Though there can be some challenges encountered such as limited coverage of specific areas within the wetland, clouds often hiding images, and the low resolution of data making it difficult to differentiate floral species. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) can provide enhanced accuracy and consistency in measuring wetlands, as well as the presence of water in wetlands, using space technologies. Data and technologies from space contribute to watershed management, sediment measurements and many other environmental aspects.
Describe experience relating to water and space technologies
I grew up in a country (France) where water is freely available. The drought in 2003 was considered a one-time event. I had no single lesson on climate change at school. Despite this background, I was raised aware of the links between social and environmental inequality on a global scale.
Lukas Graf used to take clean drinking water for granted. As he grew up, and conversations around climate change and environmental destruction became increasingly intense, he started to become more aware of the importance and scarcity of water resources. Around a similar time, he became increasingly enthusiastic about space, realising that space technologies could be used to explore many of the pressing topics that he was interested in. He has participated in research projects that used remote sensing methods to study the effects of global change on ecosystems and especially on water availability. Lukas is interested in a range of topics from virtual water and water quality to irrigation and agriculture. He believes that interdisciplinary approaches and mutual dialog with societies and stakeholders need to be deepened for sustained resource management.
Could you describe how your professional and/or personal experience relate to water? Where does your interest in water resources management come from? What influenced your decision to focus your work on the use of space technology for water management?
My upbringing on a farm set out the foundation for my interest in water resources, as I used to collect water for domestic and agricultural purposes from the streams.
Mina Konaka works at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) as a satellite engineer and is currently working on the satellite ALOS-4, which can detect changes in groundwater on land. She attended the International Space University, participating in the project AWARE (Adapting to Water and Air Realities on Earth), in which participants aimed to provide solutions for flood and air quality risks due to climate change, using earth observation data and ground-based sensors. Mina feels strongly about the need to talk more globally about water management solutions, rather than on an individual country basis. Mina also hopes that in the future there will be more female engineers who pursue dreams of space, and that gender balance is no longer an issue.
How do you professionally relate to water and/or space technologies?
As a hydrologist, I’ve always been fascinated by the potential of space technologies in transforming water resource management. My work integrates satellite-based Earth Observation (EO) data with hydrological modelling, particularly for drought and flood monitoring, and water availability assessments in regions with scarce ground data. EO technologies allow me to capture real-time, high-resolution data, critical for climate resilience, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Dr. Aziza Baubekova's research tackles critical environmental and water-related challenges in water-scarce regions using innovative approaches like remote sensing and machine learning. Her work not only advances scientific knowledge but also offers practical and policy solutions for developing countries. By applying quantifiable methods, her research provides actionable tools for integrated water resources and ecosystem management, addressing issues related to hydrologic conditions and human impact.
Despite earning all her degrees in Europe, Dr. Baubekova maintains a deep connection to Central Asia, focusing her research on the region's unique environmental challenges. As a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering Research Unit at the University of Oulu, she contributes significantly to projects like TU-NEXUS, which aims to develop decision-making tools for transboundary river management in Central Asia. Her PhD, completed with distinction in 2023, covers topics such as hydrologic changes, climate change impacts, and coastal ecosystem threats.
Beyond her academic work, Dr. Baubekova actively fosters partnerships between Finland and Central Asian institutions, supporting knowledge transfer and technology exchange. As Vice Chair of Young Water Professionals Finland, she promotes professional development, knowledge sharing, and networking opportunities for young water experts.
I am currently a PhD candidate at the University of Stirling in Scotland, funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council through the IAPETUS DTP. My research focuses on using SAR Polarimetry to map and monitor floods in Scotland and Guyana. Additionally, I use ground radar to understand signal interactions under simulated flooding conditions, aiming to improve flood detection. My goal is to enhance the management and protection of floodplains and wetlands through advanced radar satellite technology and field-tested methodologies.
Before my PhD, I worked as an assistant hydrologist at the SERVIR Eastern and Southern Africa project at the Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development in Nairobi, Kenya, from 2019 to 2022. In this position, I led the development of an operational hydrological model that improved access to hydrological data for ungauged rivers in East Africa. I was also the lead hydrologist in the implementation of a flood early warning system in Malawi, integrating ground measurements and satellite-derived water level data to issue flood forecasts.
This event is restricted to Space4Water stakeholders, featured professionals, young professionals and representatives of Indigenous communities featured on the portal.
Registration for speakers submitting technical presentations closes on 15 April 2023.
Registration for all other participants closes on 30 April 2023.
The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA), the Government of Costa Rica, and the Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water (PSIPW) were jointly organizing a conference to promote the use of space technology in water management to the benefit of developing countries.
The Conference was heldin San José, Costa Rica, from 7-10 May 2024, hosted by and with the support of the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) on behalf of the Government of Costa Rica.
This event is restricted to Space4Water stakeholders, featured professionals, young professionals and representatives of Indigenous communities featured on the portal.
Applications are invited from African nationals for scholarships in the fields of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, Planetary Geology and Remote Sensing.
The 2nd PAPSSN Call offers the following scholarships:
Remote sensing data is becoming crucial to solve some of the most important environmental problems, especially pertaining to agricultural applications and food security. Effectively working with this large data source requires different tools and processing, such as cloud computing and infrastructure. Participants will become familiar with data format and quality considerations, tools, and techniques to process remote sensing imagery at large scale from publicly available satellite sources, using cloud tools such as AWS S3, Databricks, and Parquet.
These webinars are available for viewing at any time. They provide basic information about the fundamentals of remote sensing, and are often a prerequisite for other ARSET trainings.
In this introductory webinar, participants will be provided with an overview of remote sensing for coastal and ocean applications. This will include a background in aquatic remote sensing, data access and tools for processing and analysing imagery, and examples and live demonstrations of applied science tools that have been developed for NASA and partner organizations. This course will review data products from MODIS, VIIRS, HICO, and other sensors commonly used for ocean applications.
Prolonged drought can result in economic, environmental, and health-related impacts. In these training webinars, participants will learn how to monitor drought conditions and assess impacts on the ecosystem using precipitation, soil moisture, and vegetation data. The training will provide an overview of drought classification, as well as an introduction to web-based tools for drought monitoring and visualization.
Objective:
By the end of the training, participants will be able to:
The United Nations has documented that drought frequency and duration have increased globally since 2000. According to this report 2.3 billion people around the world are currently facing water stress. Although droughts only represent 15% of natural disasters, they killed 650,000 people between 1970 and 2019. Also, it is predicted that by 2050, drought could affect more than 75% of the world’s population. Droughts affect drinking water availability, ecosystems, and crop production – critical for quality and sustainability of plant, animal and human lives.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can have a negative impact on the ecosystem and human health. Satellite remote sensing is able to collect data frequently and over a large area to identify impaired water quality from HABs. This data can inform decision-makers on where best to put their resources for taking water samples, determine what toxins are in the water, whether they need to change or move drinking water intakes, and whether a fishery needs to be closed. Remote sensing data enables individuals and organizations to have more flexible plans for water sampling.
Welcome to the open access course Use of FAO WaPOR Portal from IHE Delft Institute for Water Education and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). WaPOR is the portal to monitor Water Productivity through Open-access of Remotely sensed derived data and has been developed by FAO. The FAO’s WaPOR programme assists countries in monitoring water productivity, identifying water productivity gaps, proposing solutions to reduce these gaps, and contributing to a sustainable increase in agricultural production.
Coastal and marine ecosystems serve key roles for carbon storage, nutrients and materials cycling, as well as reservoirs of biodiversity. They also provide ecosystems services such as sustenance for millions of people, coastal protection against wave action, and recreational activities. Remote sensing of coastal and marine ecosystems is particularly challenging. Up to 90% of the signal received by the sensors in orbit comes from the atmosphere.
Polluted water influences all aspects of life, including people, animals, and the environment. NASA satellite observations provide near real-time information about water quality. This freely available data can help decision-makers in their work. Satellite data can have applications for managing drinking water, public health, and fisheries.
SeaDAS software, developed by the NASA Ocean Biology Processing Group (OBPG), is used in the processing, analysis, and visualization of satellite images. SeaDAS uses OBPG algorithms to produce water quality data and can be used to obtain water quality parameters from current optical sensors such as OLI (Operational Land Imager), MSI (MultiSpectral Instrument), OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument), VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite), and MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer).
Hydrologic modeling is useful for flood, drought, and water resources management. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model uses inputs to better understand hydrological processes in near real-time. Many of the inputs are available from NASA remote sensing and Earth system models, allowing the model to provide soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and runoff as outputs. Together with precipitation data, these outputs provide quantitative assessment of a regional water budget.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the process by which the land surface returns water to the atmosphere in the form of moisture. ET is a very important part of the water cycle in the Earth system. It is the sum of evaporation from bare soil and transpiration from vegetation. For a given watershed, the supply of water from precipitation, surface and groundwater can be depleted via ET. Therefore, estimating the amount of ET is crucial for calculating the overall water budget and for effective water management.
Natural lakes and man-made reservoirs are a part of Earth’s surface water. Freshwater lakes and reservoirs are used for drinking water, fishing, and recreational activities. Aside from the aesthetic and scenic value added by their presence, lakes support surrounding plant and aquatic ecosystems and wildlife. A variety of factors affect lakes and reservoirs, including climate variability and change, land use, and other watershed activities influencing surface runoff and groundwater.
These training webinars will focus on integrating NASA Earth observations into water quality monitoring decision making processes. This will include a brief overview of data products used for water quality monitoring, an overview of aquatic remote sensing-specific criteria, methods and best practices, obtaining NASA Earth observation data for water quality monitoring, and practical skill building in image processing for water quality monitoring of coastal and larger inland water bodies.
This advanced-level training will focus on using remote sensing observations from Landsat 8 and 9, Sentinel-2, and Sentinel-3 for assessing water quality parameters, including chlorophyll-a concentration, turbidity, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in inland lakes. This training will also highlight the importance of in situ measurements of these parameters, coincident with satellite observations, in developing methodologies for operational water quality monitoring.
Develop skills to use remote sensing for land cover classification, estimating evapotranspiration, water productivity, irrigation performance assessment & irrigation water accounting.
Rivers are a major source of freshwater. They support aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, provide transportation, and generate hydropower. Managing river basin watersheds is critical for developing policies for sustainable water allocation and development. Over the online course of four sessions, this introductory webinar series will address using satellite data and Earth system modelling data sources to estimate surface water budgets
Mapping crop types and assessing their characteristics is critical for monitoring food production, enabling optimal use of the landscape, and contributing to agricultural policy. Remote sensing methods based on optical and/or microwave sensors have become an important means of extracting information related to crops. Optical data is related to the chemical properties of the vegetation, while radar data is related to vegetation structure and moisture. Radar can also image the Earth’s surface regardless of almost any type of weather condition.
Waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio are caused by contaminated drinking water and poor sanitation (World Health Organization). Inadequate management of urban, industrial, and agricultural wastewater worsens water quality in water bodies, introducing chemicals and exacerbating growth of pathogens in water. Every year, waterborne diseases are responsible for approximately one million deaths, the majority of which are children under the age of five.
It is well recognized that long-term precipitation measurements are necessary for understanding and monitoring regional precipitation characteristics. This includes characteristics crucial for monitoring water resources and hazards, like floods and droughts. TRMM was the first NASA mission dedicated to observing precipitation. It operated from November 1997 to April 2015. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission launched in February 2014 as a follow-on to TRMM.
This online course covers precipitation (rainfall and snow fraction), soil moisture, evapotranspiration, runoff and streamflow, groundwater, and lake level heights. Participants are introduced to a number of NASA data products.
Objective:
Participants will be able to use NASA remote sensing observations and land-atmosphere models to:
Water Productivity and Water Accounting using WaPOR (the portal to monitor Water Productivity through Open-access of Remotely sensed derived data) is an open online course targeting practitioners and academicians who are working in water resources management and related fields and have interest in applying open access remote sensing data and other open data to assess the water resources situation and water productivity and the extent to which water productivity increases have an effect on different water users in a river basin context.
This two-part, advanced webinar series is a follow-on to the training on coastal and estuarine water quality held in September 2021. It is a hands-on training with demos provided by instructors, followed by an hour of lab time for participants to use Level-1 MODIS and VIIRS data provided by the Ocean Biology DAAC (OB.DAAC) and SeaDAS and OCSSW software for deriving water quality parameters.
Water quality monitoring in coastal ocean estuaries and inland lakes is critical for ecosystems and fisheries management and safe drinking water. Remote sensing of water quality parameters has conventionally used data from multispectral sensors (e.g., Aqua-MODIS, Landsat-OLI, Sentinel-3 OLCI, Sentinel-2 MSI) with a limited number of spectral bands.
Rivers are a major source of freshwater. They support aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, provide transportation, generate hydropower, and when treated, provide drinking and agricultural water. Estimating and monitoring water budgets within a river basin is required for sustainable management of water resources and flooding within watersheds. This webinar series will focus on the use of NASA Earth observations and Earth system-modelled data for estimating water budgets in river basins.
NASA's Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite Mission is providing new soil moisture data, and modelling frameworks are providing new evapotranspiration data. This webinar series is intended to help participants learn about NASA soil moisture and evapotranspiration products and how to access and apply them for water resource management. Throughout the sessions, participants will learn how to monitor and manage water resources with techniques learned in training. The series begins with an introduction to satellite missions and useful data sets.
Monitoring crop growth is important for assessing food production, enabling optimal use of the landscape, and contributing to agricultural policy. Remote sensing methods based on optical and/or radar sensors have become an important means of extracting information related to crops. Optical data is related to the chemical properties of the vegetation, while radar data is related to vegetation structure and moisture. Radar can also image the Earth’s surface regardless of almost any type of weather condition.
Remote sensing technologies can support all stages of the disaster management cycle. In the prevention and preparedness phases, they often find their application in risk assessments, scenario modelling and early warning. This UN-SPIDER Recommended Practice explains how remote sensing data about recurring floods, information about infrastructure and socio-economic data can be integrated using free and open source software to support prevention and preparedness efforts.
Water-ForCE is organising a community virtual workshop of experts in calibration and validation of Remote Sensing Products. This workshop is invitation-only and requires registration. The precise timing of the session slots (2-3 hours each) will be communicated once we have filled all programme slots. Each session will nevertheless take place in the early afternoon (no earlier than 1pm Central European Time) to allow speakers across the globe to join.
This workshop has brought together an international expert group of remote sensing (RS) specialists, water resources experts and water quantity modelers. This workshop has focused on:
Irrigation is the most impacting anthropogenic activity on the hydrological cycle.
Despite this, the knowledge of irrigated areas and the amounts of water used for such purpose is limited.
Models and remote sensing technologies proved to be useful tools for monitoring irrigation dynamics.
This presentation provides a comparison between two different approaches (one satellite-based and one model-based) aimed at estimating irrigation quantities developed within the European Space Agency (ESA) Irrigation+ project.
Groundwater makes up roughly 30% of global freshwater. It also provides drinking water for the world’s population, and irrigation for close to 1/3rd of global agricultural land. Because of this level of reliance, monitoring groundwater is crucial for water resources and land management. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE-Follow On (GRACE-FO) missions from NASA and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) provide large-scale terrestrial water storage estimation from mid-2000 to present.
Decision-makers are faced with the constant challenge of maintaining access to and understanding new technologies and data, as information and communication technologies (ICTs) are constantly evolving and as more and more data is becoming available. Despite continually improving technologies, informed decision-making is being hindered by inadequate attention to enabling conditions, e.g. a lack of in-service education and professional training for decision-makers.
Founded by Central European University (CEU), American University of Central Asia (AUCA), and Bard College, GeoHub is an open platform project developing the capacity of the members of the Open Society University Network (OSUN) for using the latest geospatial methods and technologies in their core research and teaching disciplines.
Established in 2017 by the Group on Earth Observations - Water Community, GEOGloWS is a voluntary mechanism created by informal agreement among multiple partners from inside and outside the UN system. This mechanism allows for engagement and greater integration with trans-national organizations and agencies with water responsibilities at the National and Local levels.
Egyptian Space Agency is a Governmental Organization that's aiming at acquiring Space Technology and Satellite Launching capabilities towards the accomplishment of The National Sustainable Development Strategy "Egypt-SDS 2030" objectives.
National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) is a comprehensive one with high priority for research and evidence-based decision making and has a special place for use of new technology including Geospatial technology. NMCG Authority order of Oct’ 2016 states that the pollution in River Ganga and its tributaries shall be monitored by the use of satellite imagery and other remote sensing technologies.
DeepWaters AI uses satellite data and AI to find underground drinking water and pipe leaks. It has created a map of the Earth’s underground water, with up to 98% accuracy. It was awarded a European Space Agency AI Kickstart contract in 2018. DeepWaters AI is supported by Esri, Amazon and Nvidia startup programs. It is a UK based social impact startup, that donates 51% of profits to water philanthropy. DeepWaters AI combines neural networks with ESA Sentinel 1 & 2 satellite data.
The emerging demand of GIS and Space Applications for Climate Change studies for the socio-economic development of Pakistan along with Government of Pakistan Vision 2025, Space Vision 2047 of National Space Agency of Pakistan, and achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) impelled the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan (HEC) to establish Remote Sensing, GIS and Climatic Research Lab (RSGCRL) at University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
Expand and consolidate skills in science, technology and innovation in the areas of space and the terrestrial environment to respond to national challenges.
Develop, on a global scale, scientific and technological leadership in the areas of space and the terrestrial environment, emphasizing Brazilian specificities.
Expand and consolidate skills in weather and climate forecasting and global environmental changes.
Consolidate INPE's performance as a unique institution in the development of satellites and space technologies.
The Institute of Water Resources Planning (IWRP) is a leading research and consulting organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture and Environment of Vietnam. With a strategic focus on integrated water resources management, IWRP plays a pivotal role in advancing sustainable solutions for agriculture, ecosystem conservation, and climate resilience. The institute leverages cutting-edge space technologies, including remote sensing and geospatial modeling, to support evidence-based planning and decision-making.
The University of Stirling was founded by Royal Charter in 1967 as the first genuinely new university in Scotland for over 400 years and embraces its role as an innovative, intellectual and cultural institution. A research-led university with an international reputation for high-quality research directly relevant to society’s needs, Stirling aims to be at the forefront of research and learning that helps to improve lives. The University works closely with its stakeholders in policy, practice and industry to facilitate this and enhance the relevance and impact of its research.
Located in the center of the dynamic Ruhr metropolitan region, the Ruhr University, with its 21 faculties, is home to 41,600 students from over 130 countries studying one of the 61 Bachelor and 128 Master programs. "Built to Change" is the guiding principle of the Ruhr University. Since 1965, it has been the driving force behind the transformation from a mining district to a knowledge region.
The Chouaib Doukkali University (CDU) [www.ucd.ac.ma] in El Jadida, Morocco was founded in 1985. It is a public institution of higher education and scientific research. At present, in the Chouaib Doukkali there are 6 faculties, and has more than 507 teachers, 255 administrators, and more than 25 000 students. Training is provided for bachelor degree and master degree. In terms of research, the University has established two centers for doctoral studies, with 25 laboratories involving 82 research teams.
The LERMA (Laboratoire d’Etudes du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique et Atmosphères) is a joint research unit. Research teams conduct programs in the fields of astrophysics, instrumentation and remote sensing.. The 'Remote Sensing group focuses on satellite-based characterization of the atmosphere and surfaces. Different aspects are covered, including the analysis of satellite observations, the modeling of radiative transfer and the development of inversion methods for a better monitoring of the Earth's processes providing geophysical variables (e.g.
Sinergise is a SME with extensive expertise in developing advanced geospatial information systems based on web technology. It has experts in the field of user needs and system design, software development, database administration and system infrastructure.
Sinergise has successfully completed several projects involving spatial data capture and spatial data analysis for customers in Europe and Africa. Their products can be grouped in agriculture, real estate and cloud GIS.
The Directorate of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS) is a key government agency in Kenya, established in 1977 under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, but now under the Executive Office of the President. DRSRS is renowned for its work in mapping and monitoring natural resources and environmental changes through advanced remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) technologies.
Satsense Solutions Limited is a start-up company that uses satellite earth observation to develop business and governance solutions addressing the challenges of resource management, climate change and sustainable development. It has developed and deployed several applications in the Water Resources, Hydropower, Mining and Infrastructure sectors. These include assessments of eutrophication levels in lakes and reservoirs and sedimentation rates at hydropower plants. Identification of pollution in rivers, acid mine drainage and tailings at mining sites.
Realizing the importance of Space Science and Technology applications for sustainable national development, the Government of Pakistan established Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. Being the National Space Agency of Pakistan, SUPARCO is mandated to conduct research and development work in the field of space science, technology and its applications for peaceful purposes and socio-economic uplift of country. Its headquarter is located at Islamabad and technical facilities are spread over Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Quetta, Peshawar and Gilgit.
Founded in 1872, the Universität für Bodenkultur Wien / University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, also known by its acronym "BOKU" is an education and research institution for renewable resources in Vienna, Austria. Today, BOKU comprises of 15 departments located at two sites in Vienna and one in Lower Austria, as well as several external research and teaching facilities in Austria. There are currently approximately 11000 students enrolled at BOKU in study courses at the bachelor, master, and doctoral levels.
The Department of Geoinformatics – Z_GIS at the University of Salzburg is a well established centre of competence in GIScience, active in research and education in collaboration with academic and industry partners from the geospatial sector. At the same time, our team of Geoinformatics specialists contribute their skills and expertise to study programmes and research at Salzburg University as well as a range of international partner organisations.
The department is divided into the following divisions:
The African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment (AARSE) was founded in 1992 and was incorporated as an international NGO under Section 21 of the South African Companies Act (Act 61 of 1973). AARSE is a partner of many international organizations such as the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and the IEEE Geosciences and Remote Sensing Society (GRSS), and a participating organization of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO).
The National Technological University – Haedo Regional Faculty (Castilian: Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Haedo (UTN-FRH)) is an affiliate of the National Technological University, the leading institution of its type in Argentina. Located in Haedo, a western suburb of Buenos Aires, it was established in 1967 and offers academic degrees in the following subjects: Aeronautical engineering, Electronic engineering, Industrial engineering, Mechanical engineering, Railway engineering.
Dr. Sagynbek Orunbaev is an Associate Professor in the Applied Geology and Environmental Sustainability and Climate Science departments at the American University of Central Asia. He earned his Ph.D.
Dr. Stefanie Steinbach holds an M.Sc. in geography from the University of Bonn, Germany, and a PhD from the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, the Netherlands. She works as a postdoctoral researcher in the Geomatics Department at Ruhr University Bochum, Germany. Her work explores how satellite-based Earth observation can support sustainable water and land resource management, with a regional focus on sub-Saharan Africa.
Jiayun Huang was a master student at Imperial College London, specializing in ecological applications. She holds a bachelor's degree in Environmental Science. Her research includes a wide range of topics related to environmental monitoring, evaluation, and management using remote sensing technology. She has undergone professional training in field investigations and laboratory operations, and is able to integrate them with remote sensing technology in the research projects.
Mohamed Yasser holds a Bachelor of Science in Earth Science from Alexandria University and currently serves as an Earth Observation Data Processing Engineer at the Egyptian Space Agency. Specializing in various aspects of satellite data processing, he focuses on generating preprocessed satellite image products and formulating product quality matrices in his role.
Proficient in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems with Machine Learning approach: Analysis of disaster risk reduction and management associated with climate change using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies and implementation of disaster-oriented projects; landslide, flooding, drought, and land subsidence, optionally with machine learning approaches; forest inventory for canopy height and above ground biomass, and planning, design, construction, and maintenance of civil engineering construction projects.
Daniël is a 28-year-old and holds a dual Dutch and Rwandan nationality. He grew up partly in Kenya and the Netherlands which has strongly influenced his interests and academic journey, particularly focusing on Food security.
My name is Verónica De Souza. I have a degree in Physics with a minor in Geophysics and a Master's degree in Ocean, Atmosphere, and Continental Surface Science. I worked for 13 years at the Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities (ABAE), the last three years in the Space Applications Directorate, focusing primarily on the processing and use of satellite data, especially from Venezuela's VRSS-1/2 satellites. Recently, ABAE has been participating in an inter-institutional committee on the management and sustainability of the country's watersheds.
María José Molina Montero is a geographer. She holds a master's degree in Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing obtained in 2019, she has amassed almost 10 years of experience in the utilization and management of satellite imagery for developing a range of geospatial applications. She has served as a consultant in the public and private sectors, and for cooperation bodies such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), focusing on risk management, climate change, water resources, and agriculture.
Anam Bayazid is an engineer with a passion for earth observation and space exploration technologies. Her academic journey involves pursuing a Master of Engineering in Systems Engineering with a concentration in Space Systems at Stevens Institute of Technology in United States. Her specialization is in systems modeling and simulation, as well as designing missions and systems for space exploration.
Dhalton is a biologist, with a graduate certificate in environmental management and both a master’s degree and a Ph.D. in Ecology (University of Brasilia and University of Rio Grande do Norte, respectively). After working in the Amazonian Manatee Project as a research trainee and taking a course on Tropical Ecology and Conservation in Costa Rica, he joined the Brazilian National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA) as a water resources specialist in 2006.
Sawaid is a spatial data scientist who works at the nexus of earth science, ecology and climate change through leveraging remote sensing, machine learning, and strong domain knowledge. His key work involves forest succession, drought, and rangelands which were accomplished through collaboration with institutions like WWF, ICIMOD, ICRAF, AFCD, and KFBG.
Gregory Giuliani is the Head of the Digital Earth Unit and Swiss Data Cube Project Leader at GRID-Geneva of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and a Senior Lecturer at the University of Geneva’s Institute for Environmental Sciences.
Hafsa Aeman is a Senior Research Officer at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in Pakistan. In this capacity, she is deeply involved in various projects, notably the Water Resource Accountability in Pakistan (WRAP) and NEXU Gains initiatives, both supported by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office (FCDO). These projects are geared towards augmenting capacity for water resource management at the provincial and district levels.
This solution combines multi-source satellite remote sensing, ecohydrological modeling, and community science to address spring decline and water insecurity caused by afforestation and land-use changes in Nepal's Middle Hills. The integrated approach offers a pathway to scientifically informed, community-driven forest and water management.
Satellite Data Fusion: The first core strategy involves fusing multi-temporal and multi-sensor satellite data to assess vegetation trends, hydrological changes, and potential spring recharge zones.
Vegetation Monitoring: Time-series NDVI, EVI, and LAI are derived using Sentinel-2, Landsat, NOAA and MODIS. These indices help detect vegetation growth trends and assess forest types based on phenological signatures.
Cloud Mitigation: Nepal’s rugged terrain and monsoon conditions create persistent cloud cover challenges. While no perfect cloud-removal technique exists, we aim to apply machine learning and established algorithms like CLAY3 or Fmask to improve data quality for vegetation and land cover analysis.
Hydrological Metrics: ET using MODIS, Soil moisture is mapped using SMAP data, downscaled using terrain parameters such as slope and elevation. GRACE data informs groundwater trends. Satellite-based precipitation datasets are validated against DHM station data to compensate for missing or sparse in-situ observations.
RHESSys Ecohydrological Simulation: The RHESSys model simulates the complex interactions between vegetation, soil moisture, surface and subsurface water flow, and groundwater storage. The model is run in growth mode to evaluate how forest type changes influence spring discharge.
MODIS ET and Sentinel-1 soil moisture serve as validation inputs. The model provides spatial outputs including groundwater depth, lateral flow, and baseflow dynamics—critical for delineating micro-watersheds and assessing recharge efficiency.
Recharge Zone and Spring Hotspot Mapping: Topographic indices such as TWI (Topographic Wetness Index) and HAND (Height Above Nearest Drainage), derived from ASTER DEMs, are used to identify spring recharge zones.
These zones are further validated using RHESSys outputs, satellite data layers, and available field measurements.
Machine learning (e.g., Random Forest) and participatory mapping help cross-check locations of active and declining springs.
The resulting maps guide protection measures and afforestation policies targeting hydrologically sensitive areas.
Field Validation and Community Co-Design: Local participation through spring monitoring and mapping ensures the integration of indigenous knowledge with scientific analysis. Field measurements validate model predictions and support community-driven management strategies.
Requirements
Data
Remote sensing: NDVI, EVI, LAI, Evapotranspiration (MODIS), Soil Moisture (SMAP), satellite-based precipitation, terrestrial Groundwater storage (GRACE), Land Use Land Cover, DEM (ASTER).
In-situ: Precipitation and temperature data from DHM Nepal
Software
Google Earth Engine (cloud computing, satellite data analysis)
Cross-validation of spring locations and groundwater depth measurements through field visits.
Priority Support Areas: To realize objectives, we seek support in the following areas:
High-Resolution and Cloud-Free Satellite Data: Technical assistance in accessing and processing Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel-2, and Landsat data, and applying cloud-removal algorithms.
Downscaling Remote Sensing Products: Assistance in refining MODIS-based NDVI, EVI, LAI, and phenological indicators using auxiliary terrain and land cover datasets.
Integration of Hydrological and Remote Sensing Data: Guidance on synchronizing outputs from RHESSys with MODIS, SMAP, and GRACE datasets for robust cross-validation.
Mapping Recharge and Spring Zones: Technical support in combining terrain indices with RHESSys-derived metrics to map spring recharge zones and inform land-use planning.
Outline steps for a solution
Phase 1: Satellite Analysis and Vegetation Mapping (completed)
Use GEE to analyze NDVI, EVI, LAI, ET from NOAA, MODIS, Sentinel, and Landsat.
Define AOI, set date ranges, apply quality filters, visualize maps, and export CSV time series.
LULC maps are from Global Land Cover (Chinese Academy of Sciences).
Note: "The full code and comprehensive instructions for running the model are provided in this repository."
Results
Preliminary analysis shows increasing trends in both evapotranspiration and LAI, indicating higher water consumption by vegetation and less water available for downstream use.
Mapped recharge zones and high-risk spring areas.
Groundwater storage trends over time and identification of water-available zones suitable for settlement planning.
Spatial maps and hydrologic models to support forest and water governance.
Policy briefs on forest-water tradeoffs and spring recovery.
Community awareness on how certain forest types and species are accelerating water loss and increasing water stress for downstream communities, prompting migration.
Technical findings paired with management strategies offer actionable insights for land-use planning and ecosystem resilience.
Wetlands are some of the most important habitats in the ecosystem, with the most diverse group of organisms. Wetlands are transition points between land and water. Due to pollution and climate change, our wetlands are diminishing at a geometric rate. There is an urgent need for restoration of these wetlands to encourage plant and animal diversity and ultimately ensure sustainability. Its noticed that most of the swampy lands (wetlands) in the eastern part of Kogi state of Nigeria are diminishing very quickly. Wetlands are important to the environment because they help keep nature balanced and clean. Furthermore, they serve as a buffer zone for flood hazards in a catchment. The wetlands in the eastern part of Kogi state are mostly used for agriculture, as some crops are well suited to that type of water-logged soil. Recently (In the last 20 years, the wetlands in the region have started to disappear at a geometric rate. This disappearance of wetlands is probably caused mainly by climate change or pollution and will prevent the attainment of SDGs 1,2,6,11,12,13,14,15.
Problem Statement
Among the most productive ecosystems in the world, wetlands offer vital functions such as flood control, carbon sequestration, water filtering, and a biodiverse habitat. Wetlands in states like Kogi, Benue, Plateau, and Niger in North Central Nigeria are essential to local livelihoods, agriculture, and fisheries. However, a combination of increasing environmental degradation, the effects of climate change, and human activities like inadequate water resource management and agricultural development is causing these habitats to disappear quickly. The degradation of wetlands in this region is driven by several interconnected factors. Wetland regions are disappearing as a result of rising pollution, deforestation, and land conversion for industrial and urban purposes. Wetland hydrology is changing due to rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and protracted droughts, which reduces the capacity of these ecosystems to support biodiversity and offer ecosystem services. Wetland degradation and loss have been exacerbated by the drainage and conversion of wetlands for agricultural purposes, driven by the growing demand for arable land. The natural flow of water into wetlands has been disturbed by poor water resource management, including the construction of dams and extraction of large amounts of water. The result of the shrinking of wetlands, which are home to rare plants and animals, is the loss of biodiversity. Insufficient comprehension of the intricate connections between human endeavors and wetland ecosystems has led to unsustainable behaviors that cause harm. Despite their ecological and socio-economic importance, there is limited research on the extent, drivers, and impacts of wetland loss in North Central Nigeria. Existing studies have largely focused on other regions, such as the Niger Delta, leaving a significant gap in understanding the dynamics of wetland degradation in this area. The lack of detailed geospatial data and comprehensive analysis hinders the development of effective conservation strategies and policy interventions. The disappearance of wetlands in North Central Nigeria has far-reaching consequences, including reduced water quality, loss of biodiversity, increased vulnerability to flooding, and diminished livelihoods for local communities. Without urgent action, the continued degradation of these ecosystems will exacerbate environmental and socio-economic challenges, particularly in the face of climate change.
Research Objectives
This research seeks to address this gap by achieving the following main objectives. By achieving these objectives, this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of wetland dynamics in North Central Nigeria and provide actionable recommendations for sustainable management and conservation.
1. Map the spatial extent of wetlands and document wetland transformation.
Apply supervised classification using algorithms like Random Forest (RF) in Google Earth Engine
Use NDWI, MNDWI, and SMI spectral indices to help identify water and moist soil features.
Perform accuracy assessment with confusion matrices and field-collected points
2. Analyze temporal changes in wetland areas: Assess how wetland areas have changed over time, using historical and current data. Identify and record the drivers and patterns of wetland loss and degradation in the region.
Perform post-classification comparison of the classified maps for each time period.
Generate change maps to show wetland loss, gain, or transformation (e.g., to farmland, built-up, etc.).
Calculate area statistics for each class and change category using GEE.
3. Provide Scientific Evidence for Conservation Efforts: Generate data-driven insights to support the development and implementation of effective wetland conservation strategies.
Expected outcomes of the space-based solution developed in the context of Space4Water
Quantify wetland loss over time since 1995
Determine trends in wetland change
Create comprehensive geospatial documentation
Assist with conservation and environmental policy which will establish baseline information for ecological restoration
Literature Review
Ogunlade (2024) conducted a geospatial analysis of wetland distribution in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria, using remote sensing and geospatial techniques such as NDVI, NDWI, NDMI, and NDBI. Although the study focused on southern Nigeria, its methodology and findings are relevant to understanding wetland dynamics in North Central Nigeria. The study revealed significant transformations in wetland areas, with an increase from 253.1 km² in 1986 to 354.8 km² in 2015, followed by a decline to 318.14 km² by 2019. The study projected ongoing changes by 2030, emphasizing the need to control urban encroachment to mitigate environmental hazards like flooding and soil erosion. Tobore et al. (2021) assessed the suitability of wetland soils for rice production in Ajibode, Nigeria, using GIS and remote sensing. The study analyzed Landsat 7 and 8 imagery from 2000 and 2016, alongside soil sampling, to evaluate land use changes and soil properties. Findings indicated that 75% of the soils were marginally suitable for rice production, while 20% were unsuitable. The study highlighted the importance of geospatial techniques in guiding land use decisions to sustain agricultural productivity (Tobore et al., 2021). This study is particularly relevant to North Central Nigeria, where agriculture is a major driver of wetland loss. Abubakar and Abdussalam (2024) analyzed land use changes and wetland dynamics in Kaduna Metropolis using Landsat TM/OLI imagery and SRTM DEM data. The study found a significant increase in built-up areas (194.9 km²) and a corresponding decline in wetlands, with marshlands losing 15 km² and riparian vegetation declining by 28.6 km². Urban expansion and agricultural activities were identified as primary drivers of wetland loss, underscoring the need for sustainable land use planning (Abubakar & Abdussalam, 2024). While Kaduna is in the Northwest, the findings are applicable to North Central Nigeria, where similar trends are observed. Lin and Yu (2018) investigated the loss of natural coastal wetlands in three Chinese coastal city clusters (Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta) from 1990 to 2015. The study attributed wetland loss to land conversion for agriculture and urban development, as well as ecological degradation from water pollution. The Bohai Rim experienced the highest land conversion loss, while the Yangtze River Delta faced severe ecological degradation due to pollution from inland rivers. The study emphasized the role of regional economic development in driving wetland loss and called for integrated conservation strategies (Lin & Yu, 2018). Although focused on China, the study's findings on the drivers of wetland loss are relevant to North Central Nigeria, where similar factors are at play. Akei and Babila (2022) examined wetland dynamics in Bamenda II and III Municipalities, Cameroon, using satellite imagery and field surveys. Wetlands in Bamenda II decreased from 33.91 km² in 1980 to 28.58 km² in 2020, while Bamenda III experienced a more severe decline from 13.58 km² to 9.09 km². Rapid urbanization, pollution, and biodiversity loss were identified as key drivers. The study highlighted the environmental consequences, including habitat loss and increased flooding, and advocated for both engineering and non-engineering adaptation strategies (Akei & Babila, 2022). These findings are relevant to North Central Nigeria, where urbanization and pollution are significant threats to wetlands. Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of using Landsat imagery combined with machine learning techniques for wetland mapping and monitoring. Xie et al. (2019) utilized Landsat-8 data with classifiers such as Random Forest and Support Vector Machines to classify wetlands in the Canadian Prairie Pothole Region, achieving high accuracy despite the complexity of wetland spectral signatures. Similarly, Wang et al. (2018) applied Random Forest to Landsat time-series data to monitor wetland changes in China’s Sanjiang Plain, achieving classification accuracy above 85%. These studies underscore the potential of Landsat-based machine learning approaches for accurate, scalable, and cost-effective wetland monitoring and conservation planning. These technologies could be applied in North Central Nigeria to improve wetland monitoring and management.
Research Methodology
Study Area
Kogi State lies between latitudes 6°30′N and 8°40′N and longitudes 5°10′E and 8°10′E, The ground elevations range between 140 and 300 m above sea level (Ifediegwu et al., 2019). The climate of the study area is designated as Sub-Humid (AW by Koppen classification). Kogi state, is found in the Guinea savannah region with the presence of gallery forest along water courses (riparian vegetation). Time period to be studied is 30years (1995 - 2025)
ibaji Area,kogi State
Suggested solution
This ongoing project uses a space-based solution to monitor and analyze the disappearing wetlands in North Central Nigeria, particularly in Ibaji, Kogi State. collaborators have extended the methodology by incorporating wet season composites (e.g., WaterMasks_1995_2024_Fixed_Threshold_v2) to differentiate between temporary and permanent water bodies. Due to limited access to high-resolution training and validation data and time constraints, the team is currently adopting a thresholding approach to identify annual water extent patterns.
The analysis leverages Google Earth Engine and Landsat archives, focusing on changes in surface water extent over a 30-year period. The ultimate goal is to generate consistent, interpretable insights into wetland dynamics—providing a foundation for long-term conservation strategies, policy action, and ecological restoration .
Step-by-Step development of the solution to document wetland transformation
Description of all the steps to get to a solution
Study area definition (completed)
Data Acquisition (completed)
Preprocessing (in progress)
Feature extraction (in progress)
Classification of land cover mapping (in progress)
Accuracy Assessment (in progress)
Map Generation and Export (in progress)
Temporal and spatial analysis (in progress)
Reporting and interpretation (in progress)
1. Study area definition
Identify and define the geographic boundary of the wetland area using shapefiles or administrative boundary data.
For this project, the focus area is Ibaji in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria which can be loaded from the "FAO/GAUL/year/level2" data
Figure 1: study area map
2. Data Acquisition
Access satellite imagery through Google Earth Engine (GEE) for the years 1995, 2005, 2015, 2025
Use Landsat 5, 7, 8, or 9 imagery for historical and current data
Select images for both wet and dry seasons to capture seasonal variations. (If necessary, otherwise use the date for the beginning of the dry season.). In our study area, the wet season is April-October and the dry season is November-March.
Apply filters for cloud cover (e.g., <10%) to ensure image clarity.
Collect in situ data for validation to identify features: wetland, farmlands, urban, tree, water body, grassland.
High-confidence interpreted data from high-resolution photography or ground-truth information gathered straight from the field are referred to as "in situ data." Every point or polygon has the appropriate land cover class (such as "wetland, water, urban, etc.") labeled on it. In situ data can be loaded as an asset, shapefile, or fusion table. When training a supervised classification algorithm such as Random Forest or SVM in GEE, you use in situ data as labeled samples (features with geometry + land cover class). Following classification, the model's accuracy in recognizing each class—for example, wetlands vs. farmlands—is evaluated using a different subset of the in situ data, known as the test set.
3. Prepossessing
Cloud Masking: Use built-in cloud masking functions (e.g., QA_PIXEL) to remove clouds.
The built-in cloud masking functions like QA_PIXEL are part of satellite image datasets in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Example: Cloud mask band: QA_PIXEL Collection: 'LANDSAT/LC08/C02/T1_L2'
Composite Creation: Generate median composites for each year or season to reduce noise.
Image Clipping: Clip all images to the defined study area for consistency.
Preprocessing of in situ data (if they lie outside of the area of interest)?
To compensate for the not enough in-situ validation points within the Area of interest (AOI), we adopted a spectral similarity analysis approach. This involved extracting the multiband spectral signatures (e.g., from Landsat imagery) of known land cover types from reference points situated around and within the AOI. These signatures will then search for spectrally similar pixels within the AOI
By computing spectral distances (e.g., Euclidean distance) between each AOI pixel and the reference signatures, we identified and mapped areas with high spectral similarity. These areas are considered likely to represent the same land cover types as the reference points and serve as proxy validation regions for assessing the classification output.
4. Feature Extraction
Compute relevant spectral indices to enhance wetland detection:
NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index)—highlights surface water.
MNDWI (Modified NDWI) – better distinguishes water in urban/vegetated areas.
In Google Earth Engine (GEE), supervised classification combined with spectral indices is an effective approach for wetland mapping. These indices help differentiate wetlands from other land cover types based on water content, vegetation, and soil moisture First, Landsat imagery is used to compute key indices such as NDWI (to highlight open water), MNDWI (to separate water from urban/vegetated areas), NDVI (to capture vegetation density), and SMI (to estimate soil moisture). These indices are added as input features. then labeled in situ data representing various land cover types (including wetlands) is used to train a classifier such as Random Forest. The trained model then classifies the image based on the spectral patterns of the indices, allowing for accurate identification and mapping of wetland areas across the landscape.
In summary
· NDWI and MNDWI separate water from land.
· NDVI identifies vegetated wetlands.
· SMI enhances soil water content, especially useful in seasonal wetlands
5. Classification for land-cover mapping
Land cover classification using satellite imagery involves identifying different surface types such as water, wetlands, vegetation, urban areas, and farmlands. In this analysis, the Random Forest algorithm is used because it handles large datasets, performs well with minimal tuning, and is robust to noise and unbalanced class sizes. Training samples are collected for each land cover type using visual interpretation of imagery. The classifier is trained using spectral bands like B3, B4, B5, and B6 (Green, Red, NIR, SWIR) , along with indices such as NDVI and NDWI. Once trained, the model is applied to classify the entire image into the defined land cover classes.
Land cover classification plays a crucial role in wetland mapping because it helps distinguish wetlands from other land cover types such as open water, vegetation, farmlands, and urban areas. Wetlands often share similar spectral characteristics with nearby features, so using classification allows for more accurate identification and delineation.
6. Accuracy Assessment
Collect validation samples or use known land cover points.
Use a confusion matrix to calculate accuracy metrics (e.g., overall accuracy, kappa coefficient).
Adjust classification parameters if accuracy is unsatisfactory.
7. Map Generation and Export
Generate classified wetland maps for each target year (1995, 2005, 2015, 2025) or desired epoch
Use GEE’s Export.image.to Drive to save maps as GeoTIFFs or other formats.
Optionally, create map visualizations with legends and coordinates for reporting.
Analyze Temporal Changes in Wetland Areas
8. Temporal and Spatial Analysis
Conduct change detection to observe wetland expansion or loss over time.
Use zonal statistics or pixel-based comparisons to quantify changes.
Compare seasonal images to distinguish between permanent and seasonal wetlands.
9. Reporting and Interpretation
Visualize results through maps, graphs, and time-series charts.
Integrate findings with contextual layers (e.g., soil, elevation) for deeper insights.
Prepare outputs suitable for scientific publication, policy briefs, or community engagement.
Results
Preliminary results
A first attempt to map wetland time series was performed by identifying surfacing water from the Landsat archive. The implemented method was a simple thresholding based on MNDWI. In the first round, a fixed threshold was used (0), and then dynamic thresholding was used.
One limitation is the low availability of Landsat scenes: the first images available are from 1999. The time series was thinner at the beginning (less than 10 scenes for the season, until 2003) and became thicker to the last years (more than 30 scenes, up to 60 in 2023).
Another challenge is the broader definition of wetlands, which goes beyond surfacing water bodies and includes specific vegetation adapted to live in saturated soil conditions, so the current method addresses only partially the wetland characterization.
To overcome the first limitation, we have no possibility from space because Landsat is the longest space mission available. For the second, we will explore the most suitable features to characterize these complex environments, such as phenological features from optical data and soil moisture from SAR data.
Impact of the solution
Accurate Monitoring of Wetlands
The space-based system will give accurate and up-to-date information on the location and extent of wetlands in North Central Nigeria. Satellite images and GIS tools make it easier to track changes in wetland areas over time. This is especially significant in recognizing regions where wetlands are diminishing or disappearing as a result of climate change or human activities.
Informed Decision-Making
By analyzing the patterns and causes of wetland loss, the solution will assist policymakers and environmental managers in making educated decisions. It will help to design focused conservation policies, such as safeguarding vulnerable areas, regulating land use, and directing ecological restoration activities. The data collected will be used as scientific proof for environmental planning and sustainable development.
Community Awareness and Engagement
In addition, the solution will assist in raising awareness among communities and stakeholders by offering visual maps and simple insights. These tools can help the public understand the importance of wetlands and inspire community involvement in their protection.
Support for Biodiversity and Climate Resilience
Over time, this method will help to conserve biodiversity, minimize flood risk, and improve the region's ability to adapt to climate change. Wetlands serve an important role in preserving ecological balance, and protecting them helps to ensure long-term environmental and socioeconomic stability.
Relevant publications
Abubakar, Muhammad Lawal, and Auwal Farouk Abdussalam. "Geospatial analysis of land use changes and wetland dynamics in Kaduna Metropolis, Kaduna, Nigeria." Science World Journal 19, no. 3 (2024): 687-696.
Lin, Qiaoying, and Shen Yu. "Losses of natural coastal wetlands by land conversion and ecological degradation in the urbanizing Chinese coast." Scientific reports 8, no. 1 (2018): 15046.
Leemhuis, Constanze, Frank Thonfeld, Kristian Näschen, Stefanie Steinbach, Javier Muro, Adrian Strauch, Ander López, Giuseppe Daconto, Ian Games, and Bernd Diekkrüger. 2017. "Sustainability in the Food-Water-Ecosystem Nexus: The Role of Land Use and Land Cover Change for Water Resources and Ecosystems in the Kilombero Wetland, Tanzania" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1513. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091513
Meusburger, Katrin. "Mapping spatio-temporal dynamics of the cover and management factor (C-factor) for grasslands in Switzerland." (2018).
To establish an integrated monitoring and decision-support system that uses Earth Observation data and machine learning to track the status of Lake Ol' Bolossat, enabling evidence-based conservation and sustainable development actions.
Requirements
Data
Below is a table showing the data requirements and sources.
Data source
Use case
Period
JRC GSW
Historical water extents
1984 - 2023
Sentinel-1 SAR
Water extent during cloud-cover seasons
2014 - present
Sentinel-2 2 MSI
Habitat classification, NDVI, MNDWI, NDBI
2015 - present
MODIS
NDVI/ET anomalies and drought indicators
2000 - present
Rainfall and climate (CHIRPS/ERA5)
Climate trend correlation with hydrological changes
1984 - present
Population/Human settlement (WorldPop, GHSL)
Land use pressure mapping
2000 - present
Field surveys and local NGO data
Validation and community-level observations
As available
Software
The analysis is being done using open-source platforms and software: Google Earth Engine and QGIS.
To access Google Earth Engine, one needs a Google account that will be linked to the platform link. If you are new to the platform, create an account, and you can start using it. If you already have an account, just sign in and be directed to the code editor. If you are new to the software, you can access the training manual here.
To access QGIS, you need to download it as it is a software, link. If you are new to the software, you can access the training manual here.
Physical
Establishment of Ground Monitoring Stations
Purpose: To validate satellite data and collect real-time, on-the-ground water level, rainfall, and biodiversity observations.
Components: Water gauges, weather sensors, camera traps for biodiversity, and simple soil moisture probes.
Community Information Boards or Digital Kiosks
Purpose: To display maps, water level trends, and habitat updates to residents in a simplified, accessible format.
Location: Strategic points around the lake (e.g., near schools, water collection points, community centers).
Buffer Zone Demarcation and Fencing
Purpose: To physically protect critical wetland habitats and prevent encroachment or grazing in sensitive areas.
Details: Fencing or natural barriers like vegetation planting along designated riparian zones.
Construction of a Local Conservation and Data Hub
Purpose: To provide a space for community meetings, training sessions, citizen science coordination, and storing field equipment.
Location: Ideally within a local government or NGO compound near the lake.
Rehabilitation of Degraded Wetlands
Purpose: Restore areas where the lakebed or surrounding wetlands have been severely altered.
Methods: Planting of indigenous wetland vegetation, removal of invasive species, and controlled re-wetting.
Water Resource Management Infrastructure
Purpose: To improve the regulation and sustainable use of the lake's water.
Examples: Controlled inflow/outflow channels, community-led irrigation management systems, water pans for livestock to reduce direct lake access.
Signage and Protected Area Boundary Markers
Purpose: To raise awareness of Lake Ol’ Bolossat’s legal protection status and to visually communicate boundaries to land users.
Materials: Durable signs, educational posters, and protected area plaques.
Solar-Powered Connectivity Units (Optional but strategic)
Purpose: For uplinking field sensor data or enabling access to the online dashboard in remote locations.
Components: Solar panels, GSM routers, rugged tablets or data loggers.
Outline steps for a solution
Phase 1: Planning and Stakeholder Engagement – To do
The first phase involves defining the objectives of the monitoring system and identifying measurable success indicators aligned with conservation priorities and local needs. This is followed by engaging key stakeholders such as the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Water Resources Authority (WRA), Nyandarua County Government, and local community-based organizations. Stakeholder consultations are critical for gathering input on data needs, identifying decision-making gaps, and ensuring buy-in from both policy actors and community leaders. A situational analysis should be conducted to map existing infrastructure, technical capacity, internet access, and human resources available on the ground, helping to identify opportunities and constraints for implementation.
Phase 2: Data Collection and System Design – In progress
In this phase, a comprehensive monitoring framework is developed, specifying the key indicators to be tracked, such as seasonal water extent, land cover transitions, and flood-prone zones. Relevant Earth observation datasets are selected, including Sentinel-1 SAR for water extent, Sentinel-2 for habitat classification, JRC Global Surface Water for historical trends, and CHIRPS for rainfall data. A prototype dashboard is developed using Google Earth Engine, visualizing these datasets through maps, time series graphs, and interactive overlays. Simultaneously, field validation activities are conducted to ground-truth satellite-derived maps. This includes collecting GPS points, photos, and observations on vegetation, land use, and visible signs of degradation, ensuring the remote sensing outputs are accurate and contextually relevant.
Phase 3: System Testing and Expansion – To do
Once the prototype is ready, it is tested with stakeholders through pilot sessions and community workshops. These engagements are used to collect feedback on the dashboard’s usability, relevance, and user experience, particularly for non-technical audiences. Revisions are made to improve clarity, layer toggling, labelling, and interpretability. In parallel, basic physical interventions begin, such as the installation of simple water gauges, informational signboards, and boundary markers for conservation zones. These elements help translate digital insights into tangible tools for the community. Plans for expanding field infrastructure, such as creating buffer zones or establishing a local conservation hub, are also explored during this phase.
Phase 4: Deployment and Knowledge Sharing – In progress
Following successful pilot testing and system refinement, the full monitoring platform is deployed on a publicly accessible hosting environment, such as Firebase, Earth Engine Apps, or a custom-built website. The platform is shared with agencies and conservation partners, accompanied by a rollout plan that includes formal training sessions. These capacity-building workshops are designed to empower users, ranging from government officers to youth groups, with the skills to interpret dashboard outputs and use the data in planning and response. User guides, translated materials, and offline summaries are provided to support long-term usability and local ownership.
Phase 5: Monitoring, Maintenance, and Scaling – To do
The final phase focuses on monitoring the performance and real-world impact of the system. Regular evaluations are conducted to assess usage, data accuracy, stakeholder engagement, and improvements in environmental decision-making. Lessons learned are used to refine system features, add new datasets, and introduce functionalities such as alert notifications or mobile-friendly access. The success of the Lake Ol’ Bolossat solution creates a foundation for scaling to other endangered wetlands across Kenya, such as Lakes Baringo, Naivasha, or Kanyaboli. Finally, the project contributes to the broader Space4Water and open science communities by publishing methods, code, and findings on platforms like GitHub and Earth Engine’s asset repository, ensuring transparency, replicability, and collaboration.
Results
The Lake Ol’ Bolossat monitoring system, currently at prototype stage, holds significant potential to transform how freshwater ecosystems are managed at local and national levels. By integrating satellite-derived water and habitat data into an accessible dashboard, the system aims to bridge the gap between Earth observation science and on-the-ground conservation action. Once implemented with key stakeholders and end users, the following impacts are anticipated:
Support for Environmental Agencies and County Governments: The system could enhance the capacity of institutions such as the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), Water Resources Authority (WRA), and the Nyandarua County Government by providing timely, location-specific data for decision-making on lake and wetland management.
Early Warning for Hydrological and Ecological Risks: The dashboard could enable stakeholders to detect abnormal patterns in water extent, such as persistent shrinkage or sudden expansion, triggering early intervention to prevent ecological degradation or disaster impacts on nearby communities.
Community Awareness and Engagement: By visualizing seasonal and long-term changes, the system can be used to build awareness among residents, farmers, and water users around Lake Ol’ Bolossat, empowering them to engage in sustainable practices and to advocate for the protection of the lake.
Policy-Relevant Monitoring Tool: The platform can serve as a long-term environmental monitoring tool to support the implementation of wetland protection policies, local water catchment strategies, and integrated land use planning frameworks.
Scalability to Other Freshwater Ecosystems: Once validated, the approach used at Lake Ol’ Bolossat can be adapted to other small inland water bodies across Kenya and East Africa, particularly those facing similar risks of drying, encroachment, or biodiversity loss.
Alignment with Global and National Development Goals: The system supports Kenya’s contributions to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly:
SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation
SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems and halt biodiversity loss
