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基于天基雷达的热带气旋监测和预报

基于天基雷达的热带气旋监测和预报

An aerial view of Hurricane Florence spinning over the Atlantic Ocean

Translated by Dr. Mengyi Jin

夏季来临时，热带气旋常在沿海地区引发洪涝灾害。早在古代，中国沿海的渔民就通过观察天气现象来预测热带气旋的来临，例如云层的形状和晚霞的变化。热带气旋发生在全球各地，不同地区对它的称呼也有所不同。在北大西洋、中北太平洋和东北太平洋地区，人们通常称之为“飓风”；而在西北太平洋地区，热带气旋常被称为“台风”。

近年来，热带气旋对美国、中国以及其他亚洲国家造成了重大损失。因此，发展基于太空的热带气旋监测技术，预测其路径并进行预警，对于保障民众的生命安全、保护渔业生产以及海上作业等具有重要意义。

双频降水雷达（Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar，简称 DPR）是由美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）联合开发的天基雷达系统，其搭载于热带降雨测量任务（TRMM）和全球降水观测计划（GPM）的卫星上（https://gpm.nasa.gov/missions/GPM/DPR），用于热带气旋的监测与科学研究（NASA，2018）。

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От Джакарты до Нусантары: проседание грунта и другие насущные проблемы с водой в тонущем мегаполисе

От Джакарты до Нусантары: проседание грунта и другие насущные проблемы с водой в тонущем мегаполисе

Jakarta Indonesia Ciliwung-River
Джакарта, «тонущий город», является нынешней столицей Индонезии. Расположенный на берегу Яванского моря, этот прибрежный город является домом для почти 30 миллионов человек в районе Большой Джакарты. Джакарта десятилетиями боролась с проблемами управления водными ресурсами, что привело к некоторым нынешним кризисам, связанным с водой. Доступ к надежному питьевому водоснабжению крайне ограничен, поскольку существует значительная разница между теми, кто имеет доступ к водопроводной воде, и теми, кто его не имеет. Граждане, не имеющие доступа к водопроводной воде, в значительной степени зависят от грунтовых вод и в результате вырыли тысячи нерегулируемых колодцев. Это привело ко второму водному кризису: постоянному чрезмерному извлечению водоносных горизонтов Джакарты. Проседание грунта вызывает наибольшую обеспокоенность, поскольку этот тонущий город подвергается высокому риску наводнений со стороны окружающего океана. В результате примерно 40 процентов территории Джакарты в настоящее время находится ниже уровня моря, и прогностические модели предполагают, что к 2050 году весь город окажется под водой (Gilmartin, 2019). Эти проблемы усугубляются тем, что климатический кризис привел к значительному повышению уровня моря, поскольку ледники и ледяные шапки продолжают таять (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019; Lindsey, 2022). В связи с тем, что город Джакарта продолжает опускаться, а уровень моря повышается, миллионы жителей Джакарты подвергаются чрезвычайно высокому риску наводнений, особенно в сезон муссонов (рис. 1). Тысячи жителей уже были вынуждены покинуть свои дома в поисках улучшенных условий и возвышенностей (Garschagen et al., 2018).
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基于天基雷达的热带气旋监测和预报

基于天基雷达的热带气旋监测和预报

An aerial view of Hurricane Florence spinning over the Atlantic Ocean

Translated by Dr. Mengyi Jin

夏季来临时，热带气旋常在沿海地区引发洪涝灾害。早在古代，中国沿海的渔民就通过观察天气现象来预测热带气旋的来临，例如云层的形状和晚霞的变化。热带气旋发生在全球各地，不同地区对它的称呼也有所不同。在北大西洋、中北太平洋和东北太平洋地区，人们通常称之为“飓风”；而在西北太平洋地区，热带气旋常被称为“台风”。

近年来，热带气旋对美国、中国以及其他亚洲国家造成了重大损失。因此，发展基于太空的热带气旋监测技术，预测其路径并进行预警，对于保障民众的生命安全、保护渔业生产以及海上作业等具有重要意义。

双频降水雷达（Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar，简称 DPR）是由美国国家航空航天局（NASA）与日本宇宙航空研究开发机构（JAXA）联合开发的天基雷达系统，其搭载于热带降雨测量任务（TRMM）和全球降水观测计划（GPM）的卫星上（https://gpm.nasa.gov/missions/GPM/DPR），用于热带气旋的监测与科学研究（NASA，2018）。

Read More

От Джакарты до Нусантары: проседание грунта и другие насущные проблемы с водой в тонущем мегаполисе

От Джакарты до Нусантары: проседание грунта и другие насущные проблемы с водой в тонущем мегаполисе

Jakarta Indonesia Ciliwung-River
Джакарта, «тонущий город», является нынешней столицей Индонезии. Расположенный на берегу Яванского моря, этот прибрежный город является домом для почти 30 миллионов человек в районе Большой Джакарты. Джакарта десятилетиями боролась с проблемами управления водными ресурсами, что привело к некоторым нынешним кризисам, связанным с водой. Доступ к надежному питьевому водоснабжению крайне ограничен, поскольку существует значительная разница между теми, кто имеет доступ к водопроводной воде, и теми, кто его не имеет. Граждане, не имеющие доступа к водопроводной воде, в значительной степени зависят от грунтовых вод и в результате вырыли тысячи нерегулируемых колодцев. Это привело ко второму водному кризису: постоянному чрезмерному извлечению водоносных горизонтов Джакарты. Проседание грунта вызывает наибольшую обеспокоенность, поскольку этот тонущий город подвергается высокому риску наводнений со стороны окружающего океана. В результате примерно 40 процентов территории Джакарты в настоящее время находится ниже уровня моря, и прогностические модели предполагают, что к 2050 году весь город окажется под водой (Gilmartin, 2019). Эти проблемы усугубляются тем, что климатический кризис привел к значительному повышению уровня моря, поскольку ледники и ледяные шапки продолжают таять (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019; Lindsey, 2022). В связи с тем, что город Джакарта продолжает опускаться, а уровень моря повышается, миллионы жителей Джакарты подвергаются чрезвычайно высокому риску наводнений, особенно в сезон муссонов (рис. 1). Тысячи жителей уже были вынуждены покинуть свои дома в поисках улучшенных условий и возвышенностей (Garschagen et al., 2018).
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Tropical cyclones monitoring and forecasting using space-based radar

Tropical cyclones monitoring and forecasting using space-based radar

An aerial view of Hurricane Florence spinning over the Atlantic Ocean

During the summer season tropical cyclones (TC) tend to cause flood disasters over coastal areas. In ancient times fishermen along the coast of China predicted the coming of tropical cyclones by observing weather phenomena. They observed the shape of clouds and the sunset glow to anticipate them. Tropical cyclones occur in various places where they are named differently as well. In the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific the term hurricane is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a typhoon.

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From Jakarta to Nusantara: Land subsidence and other pressing water challenges in a sinking mega city

From Jakarta to Nusantara: Land subsidence and other pressing water challenges in a sinking mega city

Jakarta Indonesia Ciliwung-River
Jakarta, “the sinking city”, is the current capital city of Indonesia. Located on the Java Sea, this coastal city is home to nearly 30 million people within the greater-Jakarta area. Jakarta has grappled with water management issues for decades, leading to several current day water-related crises. Access to a reliable, potable water supply is extremely limited as there is a significant disparity between those with piped water access and those without. Citizens without piped water access have consequently relied heavily on groundwater and have dug thousands of unregulated wells as a result. This has led to a second water crisis – the chronic overextraction of Jakarta’s underground aquifers. Land subsidence is of the utmost concern as this sinking city is placed at high flood risk from the surrounding ocean. Approximately 40% of Jakarta now lies below sea level as a result and predictive models suggest that the entire city will be underwater by 2050 (Gilmartin, 2019). Compounding these problems, the climate crisis has led to significant sea level rise as glaciers and ice caps continue to melt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019; Lindsey, 2022). As the city of Jakarta continues to sink and sea levels rise, millions of citizens within Jakarta are at extremely high risk of flooding, particularly during monsoon season. Thousands of residents have already been forced to abandon their homes in search of improved conditions and higher ground (Garschagen et al., 2018).
Read More

Tropical cyclones monitoring and forecasting using space-based radar

Tropical cyclones monitoring and forecasting using space-based radar

An aerial view of Hurricane Florence spinning over the Atlantic Ocean

During the summer season tropical cyclones (TC) tend to cause flood disasters over coastal areas. In ancient times fishermen along the coast of China predicted the coming of tropical cyclones by observing weather phenomena. They observed the shape of clouds and the sunset glow to anticipate them. Tropical cyclones occur in various places where they are named differently as well. In the North Atlantic, central North Pacific, and eastern North Pacific the term hurricane is used. The same type of disturbance in the Northwest Pacific is called a typhoon.

Read More

From Jakarta to Nusantara: Land subsidence and other pressing water challenges in a sinking mega city

From Jakarta to Nusantara: Land subsidence and other pressing water challenges in a sinking mega city

Jakarta Indonesia Ciliwung-River
Jakarta, “the sinking city”, is the current capital city of Indonesia. Located on the Java Sea, this coastal city is home to nearly 30 million people within the greater-Jakarta area. Jakarta has grappled with water management issues for decades, leading to several current day water-related crises. Access to a reliable, potable water supply is extremely limited as there is a significant disparity between those with piped water access and those without. Citizens without piped water access have consequently relied heavily on groundwater and have dug thousands of unregulated wells as a result. This has led to a second water crisis – the chronic overextraction of Jakarta’s underground aquifers. Land subsidence is of the utmost concern as this sinking city is placed at high flood risk from the surrounding ocean. Approximately 40% of Jakarta now lies below sea level as a result and predictive models suggest that the entire city will be underwater by 2050 (Gilmartin, 2019). Compounding these problems, the climate crisis has led to significant sea level rise as glaciers and ice caps continue to melt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2019; Lindsey, 2022). As the city of Jakarta continues to sink and sea levels rise, millions of citizens within Jakarta are at extremely high risk of flooding, particularly during monsoon season. Thousands of residents have already been forced to abandon their homes in search of improved conditions and higher ground (Garschagen et al., 2018).
Read More

Interview with Mina Konaka, Satellite engineer at JAXA

Interview with Mina Konaka, Satellite engineer at JAXA

Mina Konaka
Mina Konaka works at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) as a satellite engineer and is currently working on the satellite ALOS-4, which can detect changes in groundwater on land. She attended the International Space University, participating in the project AWARE (Adapting to Water and Air Realities on Earth), in which participants aimed to provide solutions for flood and air quality risks due to climate change, using earth observation data and ground-based sensors. Mina feels strongly about the need to talk more globally about water management solutions, rather than on an individual country basis. Mina also hopes that in the future there will be more female engineers who pursue dreams of space, and that gender balance is no longer an issue.
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Interview with Mina Konaka, Satellite engineer at JAXA

Interview with Mina Konaka, Satellite engineer at JAXA

Mina Konaka
Mina Konaka works at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) as a satellite engineer and is currently working on the satellite ALOS-4, which can detect changes in groundwater on land. She attended the International Space University, participating in the project AWARE (Adapting to Water and Air Realities on Earth), in which participants aimed to provide solutions for flood and air quality risks due to climate change, using earth observation data and ground-based sensors. Mina feels strongly about the need to talk more globally about water management solutions, rather than on an individual country basis. Mina also hopes that in the future there will be more female engineers who pursue dreams of space, and that gender balance is no longer an issue.
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Stakeholder

Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency

Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency

Logo of the Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency

The Zimbabwe National Geospatial and Space Agency (ZINGSA) is a wholly owned Government of Zimbabwe entity, established under the Research act [Chapter 10:20]. It is responsible for designing, promoting, coordinating and conducting research and development initiatives that promote advances in Geospatial Sciences and Earth Observations, Space Engineering, Space Science, Aeronautical Engineering, Mechatronics, Satellite Communication Systems, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Land Positioning Systems, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Launch of Satellites.

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International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis

IIASA Logo

The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) is an independent, international research institute with National Member Organizations in Africa, the Americas, Asia, and Europe. Through its research programs and initiatives, the institute conducts policy-oriented research into issues that are too large or complex to be solved by a single country or academic discipline. This includes pressing concerns that affect the future of all of humanity, such as climate change, energy security, population aging, and sustainable development.

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Bahrain Space Agency

Bahrain Space Agency

Logo of the Bahrain Space Agency

The Bahrain Space Agency (BSA) seeks to establish a sound infrastructure for the observation of outer space and the earth, make Bahrain a leader in space science and technology, build a culture and methodology of scientific research within the kingdom and encourage technical innovation, among other goals. BSA is interested in satellites to obtain data, to use them for remote sensing and to conduct advanced space research, so it can be the engine for the state in the use of the latest satellite communication technologies.

BSA’s main projects are as follows:

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Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

Logo Jaxa

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) was born through the merger of three institutions, namely the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL) and the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) in 2003.

JAXA was designated as a core performance agency to support the Japanese government's overall aerospace development and utilization. JAXA conducts integrated operations from basic research and development, to utilization.

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Person

Takami

Photo of Jumpei Takami

Jumpei Takami

Associate Expert in Remote Sensing United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

Proficient in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems with Machine Learning approach: Analysis of disaster risk reduction and management associated with climate change using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies and implementation of disaster-oriented projects; landslide, flooding, drought, and land subsidence, optionally with machine learning approaches; forest inventory for canopy height and above ground biomass, and planning, design, construction, and maintenance of civil engineering construction projects.

Konaka