Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND)

“Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND) is a terrain model that normalizes topography to the relative heights along the drainage network and is used to describe the relative soil gravitational potentials or the local drainage potentials. Each pixel value represents the vertical distance in meters to the nearest drainage.” (NASA, 2025)

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Space-based Solution

Identification of potential locations/recharge for shallow groundwater in geographically small countries - mapping completed - need in situ data

Identification of potential locations/recharge for shallow groundwater in geographically small countries - mapping completed - need in situ data

Map of potential shallow groundwater locations or recharge areas in Bahrain

Solution summary

To address the challenge of water security in Bahrain, this solution integrates space-based technologies and geospatial analysis to identify and monitor potential water resources, particularly shallow groundwater. The methodology involves the use of satellite-derived datasets and terrain modelling tools to analyse hydrological behaviour, soil moisture, and elevation-based drainage characteristics.

Three main data sources were incorporated into the solution:

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